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The intellectual property protection of deep learning (DL) models has attracted increasing serious concerns. Many works on intellectual property protection for Deep Neural Networks (DNN) models have been proposed. The vast majority of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Mingfu Xue , Leo Yu Zhang , Yushu Zhang , Weiqiang Liu

Digital watermarking enables protection against copyright infringement of images. Although existing methods embed watermarks imperceptibly and demonstrate robustness against attacks, they typically lack resilience against geometric…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Hannes Mareen , Lucas Antchougov , Glenn Van Wallendael , Peter Lambert

Watermarking has emerged as a leading technical proposal for attributing generative AI content and is increasingly cited in global governance frameworks. This position paper argues that current implementations risk serving as symbolic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

Federated learning models are collaboratively developed upon valuable training data owned by multiple parties. During the development and deployment of federated models, they are exposed to risks including illegal copying, re-distribution,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Bowen Li , Lixin Fan , Hanlin Gu , Jie Li , Qiang Yang

Recent developments in Deep Neural Network (DNN) based watermarking techniques have shown remarkable performance. The state-of-the-art DNN-based techniques not only surpass the robustness of classical watermarking techniques but also show…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Sudev Kumar Padhi , Sk. Subidh Ali

The current work is focusing on the implementation of a robust watermarking algorithm for digital images, which is based on an innovative spread spectrum analysis algorithm for watermark embedding and on a content-based image retrieval…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-29 Dimitrios K. Tsolis , Spyros Sioutas , Theodore S. Papatheodorou

To mitigate the potential harms of Large Language Models (LLMs)generated text, researchers have proposed watermarking, a process of embedding detectable signals within text. With watermarking, we can always accurately detect LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 William Guo , Adaku Uchendu , Ana Smith

Watermarking has recently emerged as a crucial tool for protecting the intellectual property of generative models and for distinguishing AI-generated content from human-generated data. Despite its practical success, most existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-08 Hengzhi He , Shirong Xu , Alexander Nemecek , Jiping Li , Erman Ayday , Guang Cheng

Safeguarding the intellectual property of machine learning models has emerged as a pressing concern in AI security. Model watermarking is a powerful technique for protecting ownership of machine learning models, yet its reliability has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Aoting Hu , Yanzhi Chen , Renjie Xie , Adrian Weller

Steganography and digital watermarking are the tasks of hiding recoverable data in image pixels. Deep neural network (DNN) based image steganography and watermarking techniques are quickly replacing traditional hand-engineered pipelines.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Shehzeen Hussain , Nojan Sheybani , Paarth Neekhara , Xinqiao Zhang , Javier Duarte , Farinaz Koushanfar

Static deep neural network (DNN) watermarking techniques typically employ irreversible methods to embed watermarks into the DNN model weights. However, this approach causes permanent damage to the watermarked model and fails to meet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Junren Qin , Shanxiang Lyu , Fan Yang , Jiarui Deng , Zhihua Xia , Xiaochun Cao

The network flow watermarking technique associates the two communicating parties by actively modifying certain characteristics of the stream generated by the sender so that it covertly carries some special marking information. Some curious…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Yali Yuan , Jian Ge , Guang Cheng

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) requires large datasets and powerful computing resources, which has led some owners to restrict redistribution without permission. Watermarking techniques that embed confidential data into DNNs have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Seonhye Park , Alsharif Abuadbba , Shuo Wang , Kristen Moore , Yansong Gao , Hyoungshick Kim , Surya Nepal

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced rapid advancements, with applications spanning a wide range of fields, including sentiment classification, review generation, and question answering. Due to their efficiency and versatility,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yugeng Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Michael Backes , Zheng Li , Yang Zhang

EEG-based neural networks, pivotal in medical diagnosis and brain-computer interfaces, face significant intellectual property (IP) risks due to their reliance on sensitive neurophysiological data and resource-intensive development. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ahmed Abdelaziz , Ahmed Fathi , Ahmed Fares

Deep learning has become a breathtaking technology in the last years, overcoming traditional handcrafted approaches and even humans for many different tasks. However, in some tasks, such as the verification of handwritten signatures, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Ruben Tolosana , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez , Julian Fierrez , Javier Ortega-Garcia

To ensure the responsible distribution and use of open-source deep neural networks (DNNs), DNN watermarking has become a crucial technique to trace and verify unauthorized model replication or misuse. In practice, black-box watermarks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Huming Qiu , Mi Zhang , Junjie Sun , Peiyi Chen , Xiaohan Zhang , Min Yang

The state of the art performance of deep learning models comes at a high cost for companies and institutions, due to the tedious data collection and the heavy processing requirements. Recently, [35, 22] proposed to watermark convolutional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Erwan Le Merrer , Patrick Perez , Gilles Trédan

Many learning tasks require us to deal with graph data which contains rich relational information among elements, leading increasing graph neural network (GNN) models to be deployed in industrial products for improving the quality of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Xiangyu Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Xinpeng Zhang

Watermarking acts as a critical safeguard in text generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). By embedding identifiable signals into model outputs, watermarking enables reliable attribution and enhances the security of machine-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yukang Lin , Jiahao Shao , Shuoran Jiang , Wentao Zhu , Bingjie Lu , Xiangping Wu , Joanna Siebert , Qingcai Chen