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Clinical notes are unstructured text generated by clinicians during patient encounters. Clinical notes are usually accompanied by a set of metadata codes from the International Classification of Diseases(ICD). ICD code is an important code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Tak-Sung Heo , Yongmin Yoo , Yeongjoon Park , Byeong-Cheol Jo , Kyungsun Kim

Human coders assign standardized medical codes to clinical documents generated during patients' hospitalization, which is error-prone and labor-intensive. Automated medical coding approaches have been developed using machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Wei Sun , Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

Medical coding translates clinical documentation into standardized codes for billing, research, and public health, but manual coding is time-consuming and error-prone. Existing automation efforts rely on small datasets that poorly represent…

Machine learning-based multi-label medical text classifications can be used to enhance the understanding of the human body and aid the need for patient care. We present a broad study on clinical natural language processing techniques to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Vithya Yogarajan , Jacob Montiel , Tony Smith , Bernhard Pfahringer

Clinical notes are assigned ICD codes - sets of codes for diagnoses and procedures. In the recent years, predictive machine learning models have been built for automatic ICD coding. However, there is a lack of widely accepted benchmarks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler , Shao-Syuan Huang , Jie-Jyun Liu , Chih-Jen Lin

Clinical coding is currently a labour-intensive, error-prone, but critical administrative process whereby hospital patient episodes are manually assigned codes by qualified staff from large, standardised taxonomic hierarchies of codes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Thomas Searle , Zina Ibrahim , Richard JB Dobson

Neural network representation learning frameworks have recently shown to be highly effective at a wide range of tasks ranging from radiography interpretation via data-driven diagnostics to clinical decision support. This often superior…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Xing Wei , Carsten Eickhoff

This paper achieves state of the art results for the ICD code prediction task using the MIMIC-III dataset. This was achieved through the use of Clinical BERT (Alsentzer et al., 2019). embeddings and text augmentation and label balancing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Brent Biseda , Gaurav Desai , Haifeng Lin , Anish Philip

Medical code assignment, which predicts medical codes from clinical texts, is a fundamental task of intelligent medical information systems. The emergence of deep models in natural language processing has boosted the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

The Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge based on the well-known Imagenet dataset catalyzed an intense flurry of progress in computer vision. Benchmark tasks have propelled other sub-fields of machine learning forward at an equally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 David Bellamy , Leo Celi , Andrew L. Beam

Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have led to automation in various domains. However, clinical NLP often relies on benchmark datasets that may not reflect real-world scenarios accurately. Automatic ICD coding, a vital…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Abhijith R. Beeravolu , Mirjam Jonkman , Sami Azam , Friso De Boer

Although machine learning has become a powerful tool to augment doctors in clinical analysis, the immense amount of labeled data that is necessary to train supervised learning approaches burdens each development task as time and resource…

Medical coding, the translation of unstructured clinical text into standardized medical codes, is a crucial but time-consuming healthcare practice. Though large language models (LLM) could automate the coding process and improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 John Wu , David Wu , Jimeng Sun

Automatic ICD coding, the task of assigning disease and procedure codes to electronic medical records, is crucial for clinical documentation and billing. While existing methods primarily enhance model understanding of code hierarchies and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Tuan-Dung Le , Shohreh Haddadan , Thanh Q. Thieu

Availability of diagnostic codes in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is crucial for patient care as well as reimbursement purposes. However, entering them in the EHR is tedious, and some clinical codes may be overlooked. Given an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Tsvetan R. Yordanov , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Anita CJ Ravelli , Iacopo Vagliano

$\textbf{Objective}$ Develop an automatic diagnostic system which only uses textual admission information from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and assist clinicians with a timely and statistically proved decision tool. The hope is that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-12-08 Christy Li , Dimitris Konomis , Graham Neubig , Pengtao Xie , Carol Cheng , Eric Xing

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is defined as a kind of text multi-label classification problem, which is difficult because the number of labels is very large and the distribution of labels is unbalanced. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Yifan Wu , Min Zeng , Ying Yu , Min Li

This paper addresses the challenges posed by the unstructured nature and high-dimensional semantic complexity of electronic health record texts. A deep learning method based on attention mechanisms is proposed to achieve unified modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ting Xu , Xiaoxiao Deng , Xiandong Meng , Haifeng Yang , Yan Wu

Accurate diagnostic coding of medical notes is crucial for enhancing patient care, medical research, and error-free billing in healthcare organizations. Manual coding is a time-consuming task for providers, and diagnostic codes often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Prajwal Kailas , Max Homilius , Rahul C. Deo , Calum A. MacRae

Automatic ICD coding from clinical text is a critical task in medical NLP but remains hindered by the extreme long-tail distribution of diagnostic codes. Thousands of rare and zero-shot ICD codes are severely underrepresented in datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Truong Vo , Weiyi Wu , Kaize Ding