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Fault tolerance is widely regarded as indispensable for achieving scalable and reliable quantum computing. However, the spacetime overhead required for fault-tolerant quantum computating remains prohibitively large. A critical challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Pei Zeng , Guo Zheng , Qian Xu , Liang Jiang

We present numerical simulation results for the 7-to-1 and 15-to-1 state distillation circuits, constructed using transversal CNOTs acting on multiple surface code patches. The distillation circuits are decoded iteratively using the method…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Kwok Ho Wan

We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state $|0\rangle$ computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-07 Sergei Bravyi , Alexei Kitaev

Fault-tolerant operations based on stabilizer codes are the state of the art in suppressing error rates in quantum computations. Most such codes do not permit a straightforward implementation of non-Clifford logical operations, which are…

High-fidelity logical \emph{T}-gate realization constitutes a core prerequisite for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing. However, conventional magic state distillation requires massive physical qubit overhead across successive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Cheng-Yun Ding , Li-Hua Zhang , Jian Zhou

We propose a novel, distillation-free scheme for the fault-tolerant implementation of non-Clifford gates at the logical level, thereby completing the universal gate set. Our approach exploits generalized lattice surgery to integrate two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Yifei Wang , Yingfei Gu

A non-Clifford gate is required for universal quantum computation, and, typically, this is the most error-prone and resource intensive logical operation on an error-correcting code. Small, single-qubit rotations are popular choices for this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-05 Ryuji Takagi , Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac L. Chuang

$k$-uniform states are valuable resources in quantum information, enabling tasks such as teleportation, error correction, and accelerated quantum simulations. The practical realization of $k$-uniform states, at scale, faces major obstacles:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Shayan Majidy , Dominik Hangleiter , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum computation provides great speedup over its classical counterpart for certain problems. One of the key challenges for quantum computation is to realize precise control of the quantum system in the presence of noise. Control of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-30 Xing Rong , Jianpei Geng , Fazhan Shi , Ying Liu , Kebiao Xu , Wenchao Ma , Fei Kong , Zhen Jiang , Yang Wu , Jiangfeng Du

Topological measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) enables one to carry out universal fault-tolerant quantum computation via single-qubit Pauli measurements with a family of large entangled states called cluster states as resources.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-06 Seok-Hyung Lee , Hyunseok Jeong

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

In fault-tolerant quantum computing with the surface code, non-Clifford gates are crucial for universal computation. However, implementing these gates using methods like magic state distillation and code switching requires significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Sheng-Jie Huang , Yanzhu Chen

Fault-tolerant quantum error correction provides a strategy to protect information processed by a quantum computer against noise which would otherwise corrupt the data. A fault-tolerant universal quantum computer must implement a universal…

Magic state distillation plays an important role in universal fault-tolerant quantum computing, and its overhead is one of the major obstacles to realizing fault-tolerant quantum computers. Hence, many studies have been conducted to reduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Yutaka Hirano , Tomohiro Itogawa , Keisuke Fujii

Continuous-variable cluster states allow for fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computing when used in tandem with the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) encoding of a qubit into a bosonic mode. For quad-rail-lattice macronode cluster…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Blayney W. Walshe , Rafael N. Alexander , Nicolas C. Menicucci , Ben Q. Baragiola

Efficient synthesis of arbitrary quantum states and unitaries from a universal fault-tolerant gate-set e.g. Clifford+T is a key subroutine in quantum computation. As large quantum algorithms feature many qubits that encode coherent quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Guang Hao Low , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Luke Schaeffer

Preparing high-fidelity logical states is a central challenge in fault-tolerant quantum computing, yet existing approaches struggle to balance control complexity against resource overhead. Here, we present a complete framework for the…

Recently we proposed a family of magic state distillation protocols that obtains asymptotic performance that is conjectured to be optimal. This family depends upon several codes, called "inner codes" and "outer codes." We presented some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-09 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker

Topological color codes are widely acknowledged as promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Neither a two-dimensional nor a three-dimensional topology, however, can provide a universal gate set $\{$H, T, CNOT$\}$, with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Friederike Butt , Sascha Heußen , Manuel Rispler , Markus Müller

We show that states obtained from deep random Clifford circuits doped with non-Clifford phase gates (including T-gates and $\sqrt{\mathrm{T}}$-gates) can be disentangled completely, provided the number of non-Clifford gates is smaller or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Gerald E. Fux , Benjamin Béri , Rosario Fazio , Emanuele Tirrito
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