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In the context of keyword spotting (KWS), the replacement of handcrafted speech features by learnable features has not yielded superior KWS performance. In this study, we demonstrate that filterbank learning outperforms handcrafted speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-27 Iván López-Espejo , Ram C. M. C. Shekar , Zheng-Hua Tan , Jesper Jensen , John H. L. Hansen

Detecting occurrences of keywords with keyword spotting (KWS) systems requires thresholding continuous detection scores. Selecting appropriate thresholds is a non-trivial task, typically relying on optimizing performance on a validation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Kevin Wilkinghoff , Alessia Cornaggia-Urrigshardt , Zheng-Hua Tan

Frequently-Asked-Question (FAQ) retrieval provides an effective procedure for responding to user's natural language based queries. Such platforms are becoming common in enterprise chatbots, product question answering, and preliminary…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Sourav Dutta , Haytham Assem , Edward Burgin

This paper introduces the system submitted by the DKU-SMIIP team for the Auto-KWS 2021 Challenge. Our implementation consists of a two-stage keyword spotting system based on query-by-example spoken term detection and a speaker verification…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-13 Yechen Wang , Yan Jia , Murong Ma , Zexin Cai , Ming Li

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) deals with the identification of keywords in audio streams and has become a fast-growing technology thanks to the paradigm shift introduced by deep learning a few years ago. This has allowed the rapid embedding…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , John Hansen , Jesper Jensen

This paper introduces neural architecture search (NAS) for the automatic discovery of small models for keyword spotting (KWS) in limited resource environments. We employ a differentiable NAS approach to optimize the structure of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-21 David Peter , Wolfgang Roth , Franz Pernkopf

Large size models are implemented in recently ASR system to deal with complex speech recognition problems. The num- ber of parameters in these models makes them hard to deploy, especially on some resource-short devices such as car tablet.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Sihao Xue , Zhenyi Ying , Fan Mo , Min Wang , Jue Sun

Modern approaches for keyword spotting rely on training deep neural networks on large static datasets with i.i.d. distributions. However, the resulting models tend to underperform when presented with changing data regimes in real-life…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-24 Michel Meneses , Bruno Iwami

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) is crucial for identifying keywords within audio inputs and is widely used in applications like Apple Siri and Google Home, particularly on edge devices. Current deep learning-based KWS systems, which are…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-14 Tianyi Peng , Yang Xiao

Keyword spotting (KWS) provides a critical user interface for many mobile and edge applications, including phones, wearables, and cars. As KWS systems are typically 'always on', maximizing both accuracy and power efficiency are central to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-11 Peter Blouw , Gurshaant Malik , Benjamin Morcos , Aaron R. Voelker , Chris Eliasmith

Keyword Spotting (KWS) is an essential component in a smart device for alerting the system when a user prompts it with a command. As these devices are typically constrained by computational and energy resources, the KWS model should be…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-24 Donghyeon Kim , Kyungdeuk Ko , David K. Han , Hanseok Ko

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) is the task of identifying a keyword in an audio stream and is widely used in smart devices at the edge in order to activate voice assistants and perform hands-free tasks. The task is daunting as there is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Mahmoud Salhab , Haidar Harmanani

Numerous methods have been proposed to enhance Keyword Spotting (KWS) in adult speech, but children's speech presents unique challenges for KWS systems due to its distinct acoustic and linguistic characteristics. This paper introduces a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 Subham Kutum , Abhijit Sinha , Hemant Kumar Kathania , Sudarsana Reddy Kadiri , Mahesh Chandra Govil

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven Keyword Spotting (KWS) technologies has revolutionized human to machine interaction. Yet, the challenge of end-to-end energy efficiency, memory footprint and system complexity of current…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 Jie Lei , Tousif Rahman , Rishad Shafik , Adrian Wheeldon , Alex Yakovlev , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Fahim Kawsar , Akhil Mathur

This paper explores the applicability of sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models based on LSTM units for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) task within peer-to-peer learning environments. Leveraging two distinct peer-to-peer learning methods,…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Robert Šajina , Ivo Ipšić

Fixed-point (FXP) inference has proven suitable for embedded devices with limited computational resources, and yet model training is continually performed in floating-point (FLP). FXP training has not been fully explored and the non-trivial…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Sashank Macha , Om Oza , Alex Escott , Francesco Caliva , Robbie Armitano , Santosh Kumar Cheekatmalla , Sree Hari Krishnan Parthasarathi , Yuzong Liu

Sequence-to-sequence attention-based models integrate an acoustic, pronunciation and language model into a single neural network, which make them very suitable for multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, we are…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-06-15 Shiyu Zhou , Shuang Xu , Bo Xu

This paper further explores our previous wake word spotting system ranked 2-nd in Track 1 of the MISP Challenge 2021. First, we investigate a robust unimodal approach based on 3D and 2D convolution and adopt the simple attention module…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Haoxu Wang , Ming Cheng , Qiang Fu , Ming Li

Keyword spotting (KWS) plays an essential role in enabling speech-based user interaction on smart devices, and conventional KWS (C-KWS) approaches have concentrated on detecting user-agnostic pre-defined keywords. However, in practice, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Seunghan Yang , Byeonggeun Kim , Inseop Chung , Simyung Chang

Attention-based sequence-to-sequence models for automatic speech recognition jointly train an acoustic model, language model, and alignment mechanism. Thus, the language model component is only trained on transcribed audio-text pairs. This…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-12-07 Anjuli Kannan , Yonghui Wu , Patrick Nguyen , Tara N. Sainath , Zhifeng Chen , Rohit Prabhavalkar
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