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Protein structure tokenization converts 3D structures into discrete or vectorized representations, enabling the integration of structural and sequence data. Despite many recent works on structure tokenization, the properties of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zijing Liu , Bin Feng , He Cao , Yu Li

Cryogenic electron microscopy is widely used in structural biology, but its resolution is often limited by the dynamics of the macromolecule. Here, we developed a refinement protocol based on Gaussian mixture models that integrates particle…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-31 Muyuan Chen , Michael F. Schmid , Wah Chiu

Deep learning is catalyzing a scientific revolution fueled by big data, accessible toolkits, and powerful computational resources, impacting many fields including protein structural modeling. Protein structural modeling, such as predicting…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-17 Wenhao Gao , Sai Pooja Mahajan , Jeremias Sulam , Jeffrey J. Gray

When studying multi-body protein complexes, biochemists use computational tools that can suggest hundreds or thousands of their possible spatial configurations. However, it is not feasible to experimentally verify more than only a very…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Katarína Furmanová , Adam Jurčík , Barbora Kozlíková , Helwig Hauser , Jan Byška

Ease of access to data, tools and models expedites scientific research. In structural biology there are now numerous open repositories of experimental and simulated datasets. Being able to easily access and utilise these is crucial for…

We outline recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques for integrative structural biology of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) ensembles. IDPs challenge the traditional protein…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-12-03 Arvind Ramanathan , Heng Ma , Akash Parvatikar , Chakra S. Chennubhotla

Structural flexibility and/or dynamic interactions with other molecules is a critical aspect of protein function. CryoEM provides direct visualization of individual macromolecules sampling different conformational and compositional states.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-08-04 Muyuan Chen , Steven Ludtke

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the leading techniques for protein studies. The method features a number of properties, allowing to explain macromolecular interactions mechanistically and resolve structures with…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-03 Piotr Klukowski , Adam Gonczarek

Proteins are biomolecules of life. They fold into a great variety of three-dimensional (3D) shapes. Underlying these folding patterns are many recurrent structural fragments or building blocks (analogous to `LEGO bricks'). This paper…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2013-10-08 Arun S. Konagurthu , Arthur M. Lesk , David Abramson , Peter J. Stuckey , Lloyd Allison

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is now the primary tool for exploring functional materials on the atomic level. Often, features of interest are highly localized in specific regions in the material, such as ferroelectric…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Nicole Creange , Ondrej Dyck , Rama K. Vasudevan , Maxim Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Advances in deep learning have opened an era of abundant and accurate predicted protein structures; however, similar progress in protein ensembles has remained elusive. This review highlights several recent research directions towards…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-23 Bowen Jing , Bonnie Berger , Tommi Jaakkola

A protein's function depends critically on its conformational ensemble, a collection of energy weighted structures whose balance depends on temperature and environment. Though recent deep learning (DL) methods have substantially advanced…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-09 Myeongsang Lee , Lauren L. Porter

Understanding the structure of a protein complex is crucial indetermining its function. However, retrieving accurate 3D structures from microscopy images is highly challenging, particularly as many imaging modalities are two-dimensional.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-10-18 Benjamin J. Blundell , Christian Sieben , Suliana Manley , Ed Rosten , QueeLim Ch'ng , Susan Cox

Determining the structure of a protein has been a decades-long open question. A protein's three-dimensional structure often poses nontrivial computation costs, when classical simulation algorithms are utilized. Advances in the transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Chen Dun , Qiutai Pan , Shikai Jin , Ria Stevens , Mitchell D. Miller , George N. Phillips, , Anastasios Kyrillidis

Protein structure prediction is a challenging and unsolved problem in computer science. Proteins are the sequence of amino acids connected together by single peptide bond. The combinations of the twenty primary amino acids are the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2015-10-12 Mahmood A. Rashid , Firas Khatib , Abdul Sattar

Single particle cryo-electron microscopy has become a critical tool in structural biology over the last decade, able to achieve atomic scale resolution in three dimensional models from hundreds of thousands of (noisy) two-dimensional…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-19 Aaditya V. Rangan , Leslie Greengard

Intrinsically disordered proteins and regions are increasingly appreciated for their abundance in the proteome and the many functional roles they play in the cell. In this short review, we describe a variety of approaches used to obtain…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Zi Hao Liu , Maria Tsanai , Oufan Zhang , Teresa Head-Gordon , Julie Forman-Kay

This work reports a new methodology aimed at describing characteristics of protein structural shapes, and suggests a framework in which to resolve or classify automatically such structures into known families. This new approach to protein…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Marconi Soares Barbosa , Rinaldo Wander Montalvao , Tom Blundell , Luciano da Fontoura Costa

In this PhD thesis, a novel method to determine protein structures using chemical shifts is presented.

Chemical Physics · Physics 2014-05-15 Anders S. Christensen

As the number of solved protein structures increases, the opportunities for meta-analysis of this dataset increase too. Protein structures are known to be formed of domains; structural and functional subunits that are often repeated across…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-09-19 William P. Grant , Sebastian E. Ahnert