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Large language models demonstrate limited capability in proficiency-controlled sentence simplification, particularly when simplifying across large readability levels. We propose a framework that decomposes complex simplifications into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jingshen Zhang , Xin Ying Qiu , Lifang Lu , Zhuhua Huang , Yutao Hu , Yuechang Wu , JunYu Lu

Text simplification (TS) aims to reduce the lexical and structural complexity of a text, while still retaining the semantic meaning. Current automatic TS techniques are limited to either lexical-level applications or manually defining a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-14 Tong Wang , Ping Chen , Kevin Amaral , Jipeng Qiang

This paper describes a universal model for paraphrasing that transforms according to defined criteria. We showed that by using different criteria we could construct different kinds of paraphrasing systems including one for answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Masaki Murata , Hitoshi Isahara

We propose edit operation based lexically constrained decoding for sentence simplification. In sentence simplification, lexical paraphrasing is one of the primary procedures for rewriting complex sentences into simpler correspondences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Tatsuya Zetsu , Yuki Arase , Tomoyuki Kajiwara

We present a novel approach to sentence simplification which departs from previous work in two main ways. First, it requires neither hand written rules nor a training corpus of aligned standard and simplified sentences. Second, sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-08 Shashi Narayan , Claire Gardent

Sentences that present a complex syntax act as a major stumbling block for downstream Natural Language Processing applications whose predictive quality deteriorates with sentence length and complexity. The task of Text Simplification (TS)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Christina Niklaus , Matthias Cetto , André Freitas , Siegfried Handschuh

The Transformer-based model have made significant strides in semantic matching tasks by capturing connections between phrase pairs. However, to assess the relevance of sentence pairs, it is insufficient to just examine the general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Bo Li , Di Liang , Zixin Zhang

Sentence embeddings can be decoded to give approximations of the original texts used to create them. We explore this effect in the context of text simplification, demonstrating that reconstructed text embeddings preserve complexity levels.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Matthew Shardlow

Sentence Embedding stands as a fundamental task within the realm of Natural Language Processing, finding extensive application in search engines, expert systems, and question-and-answer platforms. With the continuous evolution of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Bowen Zhang , Kehua Chang , Chunping Li

Text simplification is the process of splitting and rephrasing a sentence to a sequence of sentences making it easier to read and understand while preserving the content and approximating the original meaning. Text simplification has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Tanvi Dadu , Kartikey Pant , Seema Nagar , Ferdous Ahmed Barbhuiya , Kuntal Dey

Learning from a real-world data stream and continuously updating the model without explicit supervision is a new challenge for NLP applications with machine learning components. In this work, we have developed an adaptive learning system…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Seid Muhie Yimam , Chris Biemann

Understanding inferences and answering questions from text requires more than merely recovering surface arguments, adjuncts, or strings associated with the query terms. As humans, we interpret sentences as contextualized components of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Jingxuan Tu , Kyeongmin Rim , Eben Holderness , James Pustejovsky

We present an approach for recursively splitting and rephrasing complex English sentences into a novel semantic hierarchy of simplified sentences, with each of them presenting a more regular structure that may facilitate a wide variety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Christina Niklaus , Matthias Cetto , Andre Freitas , Siegfried Handschuh

Sentence embeddings are commonly used in text clustering and semantic retrieval tasks. State-of-the-art sentence representation methods are based on artificial neural networks fine-tuned on large collections of manually labeled sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Sławomir Dadas

When writing a summary, humans tend to choose content from one or two sentences and merge them into a single summary sentence. However, the mechanisms behind the selection of one or multiple source sentences remain poorly understood.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Logan Lebanoff , Kaiqiang Song , Franck Dernoncourt , Doo Soon Kim , Seokhwan Kim , Walter Chang , Fei Liu

Semantically meaningful sentence embeddings are important for numerous tasks in natural language processing. To obtain such embeddings, recent studies explored the idea of utilizing synthetically generated data from pretrained language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Taehee Kim , ChaeHun Park , Jimin Hong , Radhika Dua , Edward Choi , Jaegul Choo

Most unsupervised NLP models represent each word with a single point or single region in semantic space, while the existing multi-sense word embeddings cannot represent longer word sequences like phrases or sentences. We propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Amol Agrawal , Andrew McCallum

Text simplification (TS) can be viewed as monolingual translation task, translating between text variations within a single language. Recent neural TS models draw on insights from neural machine translation to learn lexical simplification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Jipeng Qiang

We propose a new word embedding model, called SPhrase, that incorporates supervised phrase information. Our method modifies traditional word embeddings by ensuring that all target words in a phrase have exactly the same context. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Manni Singh , David Weston , Mark Levene

Sentence fusion is the task of joining related sentences into coherent text. Current training and evaluation schemes for this task are based on single reference ground-truths and do not account for valid fusion variants. We show that this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Eyal Ben-David , Orgad Keller , Eric Malmi , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart