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One of the most popular club football tournaments, the UEFA Champions League, will see a fundamental reform from the 2024/25 season: the traditional group stage will be replaced by one league where each of the 36 teams plays eight matches.…

Applications · Statistics 2024-04-03 László Csató

We introduce a new measure to capture fairness of a schedule in a single round robin (SRR) tournament when participants are ranked by strength. To prevent distortion of the outcome of an SRR tournament as well as to guarantee equal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-07 Sten Wessel , Cor Hurkens , Frits Spieksma

We propose a statistical framework for quantifying the importance of single events that do not provide intermediate rewards but offer implicit incentives through the reward structure at the end of a multi-event contest. Applying the…

Applications · Statistics 2022-07-07 Daniel Goller , Sandro Heiniger

In this work we study the ranking algorithm used by F\'ed\'eration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA); we analyze the parameters it currently uses, show the formal probabilistic model from which it can be derived, and optimize…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Leszek Szczecinski , Iris-Ioana Roatis

In sports competitions, teams can manipulate the result by, for instance, throwing games. We show that we can decide how to manipulate round robin and cup competitions, two of the most popular types of sporting competitions in polynomial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-04-18 Tyrel Russell , Toby Walsh

A myriad of different data are generated to characterize a soccer match. Here we discuss which performance indicators are particularly helpful to forecast the future results of a team via an estimation of the underlying team strengths with…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-03-10 Andreas Heuer

In this paper, a new continuous scoring system for soccer is proposed, based on the proportion of time that a team is winning, losing or tied. Several simulations are made applying this technique to complete seasons of different leagues. As…

Applications · Statistics 2018-03-22 Manuel Cruz , Sandra Ramos , Miguel Pinho

UEFA declares that it is committed to respecting the fundamental values of sports. However, the qualification rules of the post-2024 UEFA Champions League are shown to be unfair: a game with misaligned incentives was narrowly avoided in the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-02 László Csató , Sergey Ilyin

The draw of some knockout tournaments requires finding a perfect matching in a balanced bipartite graph. The problem becomes challenging with draw constraints: the two draw procedures used in sports are known to be non-uniformly distributed…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-17 László Csató

For the 2024/25 season, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) introduced an incomplete round-robin format in the Champions League and Europa League, replacing the traditional group stage with a single league table of all 36…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-20 David Winkelmann , Rouven Michels , Christian Deutscher

Match-fixing undermines the integrity of sport by eroding public trust and threatening the financial sustainability of clubs and leagues. The global expansion of sports betting markets has created new incentives and opportunities for…

General Economics · Economics 2026-05-29 David Winkelmann , Maya Vienken , Christian Deutscher , Roland Langrock

We study the problem of scheduling asynchronous round-robin tournaments. We consider three measures of a schedule that concern the quality and fairness of a tournament. We show that the schedule generated by the well-known "circle design"…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-04-19 Warut Suksompong

The paper analyses how draw constraints influence the outcome of a knockout tournament. The research question is inspired by European club football competitions, where the organiser generally imposes an association constraint in the first…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-02-24 László Csató

The chances to win a football match can be significantly increased if the right tactic is chosen and the behavior of the opposite team is well anticipated. For this reason, every professional football club employs a team of game analysts.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Eric Müller-Budack , Jonas Theiner , Robert Rein , Ralph Ewerth

League competition is investigated using random processes and scaling techniques. In our model, a weak team can upset a strong team with a fixed probability. Teams play an equal number of head-to-head matches and the team with the largest…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-08-13 E. Ben-Naim , N. W. Hengartner

Penalties are fraught and game-changing moments in soccer games that teams explicitly prepare for. Consequently, there has been substantial interest in analyzing them in order to provide advice to practitioners. From a data science…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Lotte Bransen , Tim Janssen , Jesse Davis

A question is raised on whether some implied regularity or structure, as found in soccer team ranking by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), is due to implicit game result value or score competition conditions. The analysis…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-22 Marcel Ausloos , Adam Gadomski , Nikolay K. Vitanov

Given the importance of accurate team rankings in American college football (CFB) -- due to heavy title and playoff implications -- strides have been made to improve evaluation metrics across statistical categories, going from basic…

Applications · Statistics 2023-01-24 Andrey Skripnikov

Given a mapping from a set of players to the leaves of a complete binary tree (called a seeding), a knockout tournament is conducted as follows: every round, every two players with a common parent compete against each other, and the winner…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Juhi Chaudhary , Hendrik Molter , Meirav Zehavi

National teams from different continents can play against each other only in afew sports competitions. Therefore, a reasonable aim is maximising the number of intercontinental games in world cups, as done in basketball and football, in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-26 László Csató , Dóra Gréta Petróczy