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Electromagnetic waves propagate in the Schwarzschild spacetime like in a nonuniform medium with a varying refraction index. A fraction of the radiation scatters off the curvature of the geometry. The energy of the backscattered part of an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Edward Malec

Energy-based models (EBMs) offer a flexible framework for probabilistic modelling across various data domains. However, training EBMs on data in discrete or mixed state spaces poses significant challenges due to the lack of robust and fast…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-03 Tobias Schröder , Zijing Ou , Yingzhen Li , Andrew B. Duncan

Momentum-resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (MRSTEM) is a powerful phase-contrast technique that can map lateral magnetic and electric fields ranging from the micrometer to the subatomic scale. Resolving fields ranging from…

Materials performance is deeply linked to their microstructures, which govern key properties such as strength, durability, and fatigue resistance. EBSD is a major technique for characterizing these microstructures, but acquiring large and…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-12-22 Sterley Labady , Youssef Mesri , Daniel Pino Munoz , Baptiste Flipon , Marc Bernacki

Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a technique in which short-pulse electron beams can probe the femtosecond-scale evolution of atomic structure in matter driven far from equilibrium. As an accelerator physics challenge, UED imposes…

We experimentally study the propagation of circularly polarized light in the sub-diffusion regime by exploiting enhanced backscattering (EBS, also known as coherent backscattering) of light under low spatial coherence illumination. We…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Young L. Kim , Prabhakar Pradhan , Min H. Kim , Vadim Backman

This tutorial review focuses on the basic theoretical backgrounds, their working principles, and implementation of impedance spectroscopy in both electroceramics and electrochemical research and technological applications. Various…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Subrata Karmakar

Advancements in fast electron detectors have enabled the statistically significant sampling of crystal structures on the nanometre scale by means of Scanning Electron Nanobeam Diffraction (SEND). Characterisation of structural similarity…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-07-28 Andy Bridger , William I. F. David , Thomas J. Wood , Mohsen Danaie , Keith T. Butler

Elastic light scattering by low-dimensional semiconductor objects is investigated theoretically. The differential cross section of resonant light scattering on excitons in quantum dots is calculated. The polarization and angular…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 I. G. Lang , L. I. Korovin , S. T. Pavlov

The ability to design the scattering properties of electromagnetic structures is of fundamental interest in optical science and engineering. While there has been great practical success applying local optimization methods to electromagnetic…

TrueEBSD is an open-source MATLAB program for image alignment and spatial distortion correction of images and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps. We have re-implemented TrueEBSD as an add-on to MTEX, an established toolbox for…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-05-04 Vivian Tong , Stefan Olovsjö , Rachid M'Saoubi , Mathias Grabner , Manuel Petersmann , Liam Wright

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters such as the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) reveal tissue properties by analyzing ultrasound backscattered echo signal. ESD can be attained through parametrizing backscatter coefficient using form…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-22 Noushin Jafarpisheh , Ivan M. Rosado-Mendez , Timothy J. Hall , Hassan Rivaz

Here a new microscopic method is proposed to image and characterize very thin samples like few-layer materials, organic molecules, and nanostructures with nanometer or sub-nanometer resolution using electron beams of energies lower than 20…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-01-06 Ing-Shouh Hwang

A deep learning scheme is proposed to solve the electromagnetic (EM) scattering problems where the profile of the dielectric scatterer of interest is incomplete. As a compensation, a limited amount of scattering data is provided, which is…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Ji-Yuan Wang , Xin-Yue Lou , Liang Zhang , Yun-Chuan Wang , Xiao-Min Pan

A technique to measure the band gap of dielectric materials with high refractive index by means of energy electron loss spectroscopy (EELS) is presented. The technique relies on the use of a circular (Bessel) aperture and suppresses…

We focus on the problem of efficient sampling and learning of probability densities by incorporating symmetries in probabilistic models. We first introduce Equivariant Stein Variational Gradient Descent algorithm -- an equivariant sampling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Priyank Jaini , Lars Holdijk , Max Welling

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has a broad range of applications in materials characterization, including real-space imaging, spectroscopy, and diffraction, at length scales from the micron to sub-{\AA}ngstr\"om. The…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-06-07 Bryan D Esser , Joanne Etheridge

Transmission electron diffraction is a powerful and versatile structural probe for the characterization of a broad range of materials, from nanocrystalline thin films to single crystals. With recent developments in fast electron detectors…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-10-06 Jian-Min Zuo , Renliang Yuan , Yu-Tsun Shao , Haw-Wen Hsiao , Saran Pidaparthy , Yang Hu , Qun Yang , Jiong Zhang

We present low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) as elastic electron-atom scattering (EEAS) operating in a target crystal waveguide where a Coulombic carrier wave is wavenumber modulated by exchange-correlation (XC) interaction. Carrier…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-06-10 John Rundgren , Bo E. Sernelius , Wolfgang Moritz

Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D-STEM) is a powerful technique for high-resolution and high-precision materials characterization at multiple length scales, including the characterization of beam-sensitive…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-08-11 Hsu-Chih Ni , Renliang Yuan , Jiong Zhang , Jian-Min Zuo