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The choice of activation function in deep networks has a significant effect on the training dynamics and task performance. At present, the most effective and widely-used activation function is ReLU. However, because of the non-zero mean,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Yuan Zhou , Dandan Li , Shuwei Huo , Sun-Yuan Kung

High-order tensor decomposition has been widely adopted to obtain compact deep neural networks for edge deployment. However, existing studies focus primarily on its algorithmic advantages such as accuracy and compression ratio-while…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Jinsong Zhang , Minghe Li , Jiayi Tian , Jinming Lu , Zheng Zhang

We propose a novel activation function that implements piece-wise orthogonal non-linear mappings based on permutations. It is straightforward to implement, and very computationally efficient, also it has little memory requirements. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Artem Chernodub , Dimitri Nowicki

Researchers have proposed various activation functions. These activation functions help the deep network to learn non-linear behavior with a significant effect on training dynamics and task performance. The performance of these activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Pravendra Singh , Munender Varshney , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Activation functions play a pivotal role in the function learning using neural networks. The non-linearity in the learned function is achieved by repeated use of the activation function. Over the years, numerous activation functions have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

Learned activation functions in models like Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) outperform fixed-activation architectures in terms of accuracy and interpretability; however, their computational complexity poses critical challenges for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mengyuan Yin , Benjamin Chen Ming Choong , Chuping Qu , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Weng-Fai Wong , Tao Luo

It is well-known that overparametrized neural networks trained using gradient-based methods quickly achieve small training error with appropriate hyperparameter settings. Recent papers have proved this statement theoretically for highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Abhishek Panigrahi , Abhishek Shetty , Navin Goyal

Activation functions play a significant role in neural network design by enabling non-linearity. The choice of activation function was previously shown to influence the properties of the resulting loss landscape. Understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Anna Sergeevna Bosman , Andries Engelbrecht , Marde Helbig

In past few years, linear rectified unit activation functions have shown its significance in the neural networks, surpassing the performance of sigmoid activations. RELU (Nair & Hinton, 2010), ELU (Clevert et al., 2015), PRELU (He et al.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Vijay Pandey

Activation functions are critical components in deep neural networks, directly influencing gradient flow, training stability, and model performance. Traditional functions like ReLU suffer from dead neuron problems, while sigmoid and tanh…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Sergii Kavun

Spintronic technology is emerging as a direction for the hardware implementation of neurons and synapses of neuromorphic architectures. In particular, a single spintronic device can be used to implement the nonlinear activation function of…

Deep learning at its core, contains functions that are composition of a linear transformation with a non-linear function known as activation function. In past few years, there is an increasing interest in construction of novel activation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

Neural network accelerators with low latency and low energy consumption are desirable for edge computing. To create such accelerators, we propose a design flow for accelerating the extremely low bit-width neural network (ELB-NN) in embedded…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Junsong Wang , Qiuwen Lou , Xiaofan Zhang , Chao Zhu , Yonghua Lin , Deming Chen

We introduce the "inverse square root linear unit" (ISRLU) to speed up learning in deep neural networks. ISRLU has better performance than ELU but has many of the same benefits. ISRLU and ELU have similar curves and characteristics. Both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Brad Carlile , Guy Delamarter , Paul Kinney , Akiko Marti , Brian Whitney

We introduce the "exponential linear unit" (ELU) which speeds up learning in deep neural networks and leads to higher classification accuracies. Like rectified linear units (ReLUs), leaky ReLUs (LReLUs) and parametrized ReLUs (PReLUs), ELUs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-23 Djork-Arné Clevert , Thomas Unterthiner , Sepp Hochreiter

The choice of activation function plays a critical role in neural networks, yet most architectures still rely on fixed, uniform activation functions across all neurons. We introduce SmartMixed, a two-phase training strategy that allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Amin Omidvar

Classification of biological images is an important task with crucial application in many fields, such as cell phenotypes recognition, detection of cell organelles and histopathological classification, and it might help in early medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Loris Nanni , Alessandra Lumini , Stefano Ghidoni , Gianluca Maguolo

Activation functions are essential to introduce nonlinearity into neural networks, with the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) often favored for its simplicity and effectiveness. Motivated by the structural similarity between a shallow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Jiayun Li , Yuxiao Cheng , Yiwen Lu , Zhuofan Xia , Yilin Mo , Gao Huang

We show that, during inference with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), more than 2x to $8x ineffectual work can be exposed if instead of targeting those weights and activations that are zero, we target different combinations of value…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Alberto Delmas , Patrick Judd , Dylan Malone Stuart , Zissis Poulos , Mostafa Mahmoud , Sayeh Sharify , Milos Nikolic , Andreas Moshovos

Dynamic adaptation in single-neuron response plays a fundamental role in neural coding in biological neural networks. Yet, most neural activation functions used in artificial networks are fixed and mostly considered as an inconsequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Victor Geadah , Giancarlo Kerg , Stefan Horoi , Guy Wolf , Guillaume Lajoie
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