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We study the convergence behavior of the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm on Gaussian mixture models with an arbitrary number of mixture components and mixing weights. We show that as long as the means of the components are separated…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-10-10 Ruofei Zhao , Yuanzhi Li , Yuekai Sun

We study the gradient Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) in the over-parameterized setting, where a general GMM with $n>1$ components learns from data that are generated by a single ground truth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Weihang Xu , Maryam Fazel , Simon S. Du

Expectation Maximization (EM) is among the most popular algorithms for estimating parameters of statistical models. However, EM, which is an iterative algorithm based on the maximum likelihood principle, is generally only guaranteed to find…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-08-30 Ji Xu , Daniel Hsu , Arian Maleki

Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) are fundamental statistical tools for modeling heterogeneous data. Due to the nonconcavity of the likelihood function, the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is widely used for parameter estimation of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-10 Xin Bing , Dehan Kong , Bingqing Li

Finite mixture models are among the most popular statistical models used in different data science disciplines. Despite their broad applicability, inference under these models typically leads to computationally challenging non-convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Babak Barazandeh , Meisam Razaviyayn

We give convergence guarantees for estimating the coefficients of a symmetric mixture of two linear regressions by expectation maximization (EM). In particular, we show that the empirical EM iterates converge to the target parameter vector…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-17 Jason M. Klusowski , Dana Yang , W. D. Brinda

In this paper, we study convergence properties of the gradient Expectation-Maximization algorithm \cite{lange1995gradient} for Gaussian Mixture Models for general number of clusters and mixing coefficients. We derive the convergence rate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-05 Bowei Yan , Mingzhang Yin , Purnamrita Sarkar

We study the convergence of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for mixtures of linear regressions with an arbitrary number $k$ of components. We show that as long as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is $\tilde{\Omega}(k)$,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Jeongyeol Kwon , Constantine Caramanis

We study the trajectory of iterations and the convergence rates of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for two-component Mixed Linear Regression (2MLR). The fundamental goal of MLR is to learn the regression models from unlabeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Zhankun Luo , Abolfazl Hashemi

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a widely used method for maximum likelihood estimation in models with latent variables. For estimating mixtures of Gaussians, its iteration can be viewed as a soft version of the k-means…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-06 Constantinos Daskalakis , Christos Tzamos , Manolis Zampetakis

The speed of convergence of the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian mixture model fitting is known to be dependent on the amount of overlap among the mixture components. In this paper, we study the impact of mixing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Iftekhar Naim , Daniel Gildea

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is one of the most popular methods used to solve the problem of parametric distribution-based clustering in unsupervised learning. In this paper, we propose to analyze a generalized EM (GEM)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-19 Sarthak Chatterjee , Orlando Romero , Sérgio Pequito

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a fundamental tool in unsupervised machine learning. It is often used as an efficient way to solve Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation problems, especially for models with latent variables. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-08 Iordanis Kerenidis , Alessandro Luongo , Anupam Prakash

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and its variants are widely used in statistics. In high-dimensional mixture linear regression, the model is assumed to be a finite mixture of linear regression and the number of predictors is much…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-07-24 Ning Wang , Xin Zhang , Qing Mai

The convergence of expectation-maximization (EM)-based algorithms typically requires continuity of the likelihood function with respect to all the unknown parameters (optimization variables). The requirement is not met when parameters…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-18 Geethu Joseph

Expectation Maximization (EM) is among the most popular algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation, but it is generally only guaranteed to find its stationary points of the log-likelihood objective. The goal of this article is to present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Ji Xu , Daniel Hsu , Arian Maleki

Learning Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) is a fundamental problem in machine learning, with the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and its popular variant gradient EM being arguably the most widely used algorithms in practice. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mo Zhou , Weihang Xu , Maryam Fazel , Simon S. Du

We consider the problem of estimating the parameters a Gaussian Mixture Model with K components of known weights, all with an identity covariance matrix. We make two contributions. First, at the population level, we present a sharper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Nimrod Segol , Boaz Nadler

Modern data-driven and distributed learning frameworks deal with diverse massive data generated by clients spread across heterogeneous environments. Indeed, data heterogeneity is a major bottleneck in scaling up many distributed learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Amirhossein Reisizadeh , Khashayar Gatmiry , Asuman Ozdaglar

We systematically study various network Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithms for the Gaussian mixture model within the framework of decentralized federated learning. Our theoretical investigation reveals that directly extending the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-11 Shuyuan Wu , Bin Du , Xuetong Li , Hansheng Wang
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