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The high computational cost of approaching the performance of Maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding has limited its practical use for decades. Because the complexity grows exponentially with the message length, researchers have spent years…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Marwan Jalaleddine , Jiajie Li , Syed Mohsin Abbas , Warren J. Gross

We present a novel way of using neural networks (NN) to estimate the redshift distribution of a galaxy sample. We are able to obtain a probability density function (PDF) for each galaxy using a classification neural network. The method is…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-04-08 Christopher Bonnett

In simulations, probabilistic algorithms and statistical tests, we often generate random integers in an interval (e.g., [0,s)). For example, random integers in an interval are essential to the Fisher-Yates random shuffle. Consequently,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Daniel Lemire

We consider a setup in which Alice selects a pdf $f$ from a set of prescribed pdfs $\mathscr{P}$ and sends a prefix-free codeword $W$ to Bob in order to allow him to generate a single instance of the random variable $X\sim f$. We describe a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Cheuk Ting Li , Abbas El Gamal

As a fundamental phenomenon in nature, randomness has a wide range of applications in the fields of science and engineering. Among different types of random number generators (RNG), quantum random number generator (QRNG) is a kind of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-19 Bingjie Xu , Ziyang Chen , Zhengyu Li , Jie Yang , Qi Su , Wei Huang , Yichen Zhang , Hong Guo

This paper studies the binary classification of unbounded data from ${\mathbb R}^d$ generated under Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) using deep ReLU neural networks. We obtain $\unicode{x2013}$ for the first time $\unicode{x2013}$…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-17 Tian-Yi Zhou , Xiaoming Huo

We propose a groundbreaking random number generator that achieves truly uniform, independent, and identically distributed (IID) randomness by integrating Quantum Permutation Pads (QPP) with system jitter--derived entropy, herein called…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Randy Kuang , Dafu Lou

We study random number generators (RNGs), both in the fixed to variable-length (FVR) and the variable to fixed-length (VFR) regimes, in a universal setting in which the input is a finite memory source of arbitrary order and unknown…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-12 Gadiel Seroussi , Marcelo J. Weinberger

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) promise perfectly unpredictable random numbers. However, the security certification of the random numbers in form of a stochastic model often introduces assumptions that are either hardly justified…

With the proliferation of embedded systems requiring intelligent behavior, custom number systems to optimize performance per Watt of the entire system become essential components for successful commercial products. We present the Universal…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2020-12-22 E. Theodore L. Omtzigt , Peter Gottschling , Mark Seligman , William Zorn

We present a rejection method based on recursive covering of the probability density function with equal tiles. The concept works for any probability density function that is pointwise computable or representable by tabular data. By the…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2009-02-19 Daniel Fulger , Guido Germano

This paper introduces a new algorithm for the fundamental problem of generating a random integer from a discrete probability distribution using a source of independent and unbiased random coin flips. We prove that this algorithm, which we…

Computation · Statistics 2020-07-03 Feras A. Saad , Cameron E. Freer , Martin C. Rinard , Vikash K. Mansinghka

Ideal quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can produce algorithmically random and thus incomputable sequences, in contrast to pseudo-random number generators. However, the verification of the presence of algorithmic randomness and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-06 John T. Kavulich , Brennan P. Van Deren , Maximilian Schlosshauer

We propose generalized random forests, a method for non-parametric statistical estimation based on random forests (Breiman, 2001) that can be used to fit any quantity of interest identified as the solution to a set of local moment…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-04-06 Susan Athey , Julie Tibshirani , Stefan Wager

We consider the nonparametric estimation of the univariate heavy tailed probability density function (pdf) with a support on $[0,\infty)$ by independent data. To this end we construct the new kernel estimator as a combination of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-04-25 L. Markovich

Generative retrieval (GR) reformulates information retrieval (IR) by framing it as the generation of document identifiers (docids), thereby enabling end-to-end optimization and seamless integration with generative language models (LMs).…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Weiwei Sun , Keyi Kong , Xinyu Ma , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren , Yiming Yang

We introduce OpenRAND, a C++17 library aimed at facilitating reproducible scientific research through the generation of statistically robust and yet replicable random numbers. OpenRAND accommodates single and multi-threaded applications on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Shihab Shahriar Khan , Bryce Palmer , Christopher Edelmaierd , Hasan Metin Aktulga

Pseudorandom values are often generated as 64-bit binary words. These random words need to be converted into ranged values without statistical bias. We present an efficient algorithm to generate multiple independent uniformly-random bounded…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Nevin Brackett-Rozinsky , Daniel Lemire

In this paper, we present an algorithm for the fitting of a location-scale variant of the canonical fundamental skew t (CFUST) distribution, a superclass of the restricted and unrestricted skew t-distributions. In recent years, a few…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-03 Sharon X. Lee , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

Dynamic and non-linear systems are emerging as potential candidates for random bit generation. In this context, chaotic systems, which are both dynamic and stochastic, are particularly suitable. This paper introduces a new continuous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-09 Ngoc T. Nguyen , Toan Q. Bui , Ghyslain Gagnon , Pascal Giard , Georges Kaddoum