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One of the first problems of studying the quantum internet is how to realize quantum interconnection between users in a quantum network. To address above problem, by referencing the classical Internet, developing the packet switching of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-05 Hao Zhang , Yuan Li , Chen Zhang , Tao Huang

Entangled systems in experiments may be lost or offline in distributed quantum information processing. This inspires a general problem to characterize quantum operations which result in breaking of entanglement or not. Our goal in this work…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-21 Ming-Xing Luo , Shao-Ming Fei

Scalable quantum information processing will require quantum networks of qubits with the ability to coherently transfer quantum states between the desired sender and receiver nodes. Here we propose a scheme to implement a quantum router…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 K. S. Christensen , S. E. Rasmussen , D. Petrosyan , N. T. Zinner

The distribution of entanglement in quantum networks is typically approached under idealized assumptions such as perfect synchronization and centralized control, while classical communication is often neglected. However, these assumptions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Shahrooz Pouryousef , Hassan Shapourian , Don Towsley

Small interconnected quantum processors can collaborate to tackle quantum computational problems that typically demand more capable devices. These linked processors, referred to as quantum nodes, can use shared entangled states to execute…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-26 Lars Talsma , Álvaro G. Iñesta , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum computers face inherent scaling challenges, a fact that necessitates investigation of distributed quantum computing systems, whereby scaling is achieved through interconnection of smaller quantum processing units. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Felix Burt , Kuan-Cheng Chen , Kin K. Leung

We present a static framework for analysing quantum routing protocols that we call the \textit{cost-vector formalism}. Here, quantum networks are recast as multi-graphs where edges represent two-qubit entanglement resources that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Hudson Leone , Nathaniel R. Miller , Deepesh Singh , Nathan K. Langford , Peter P. Rohde

Quantum networks distributed over distances greater than a few kilometers will be limited by the time required for information to propagate between nodes. We analyze protocols that are able to circumvent this bottleneck by employing…

With the rapid development of quantum information and technology in recent years, the construction of quantum internet for interconnecting all kinds of quantum devices, such as quantum processors and sensors, will be the next trend for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-09 Hao Zhang , Yuan Li , Chen Zhang , Tao Huang

The main service provided by the coming Quantum Internet will be creating entanglement between any two quantum nodes. We discuss and classify attacks on quantum repeaters, which will serve roles similar to those of classical Internet…

A quantum network, which involves multiple parties pinging each other with quantum messages, could revolutionize communication, computing and basic sciences. The future internet will be a global system of various packet switching quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-23 Nengkun Yu , Ching-Yi Lai , Li Zhou

Entanglement is a key resource in quantum communication, but bipartite schemes are often insufficient for advanced protocols like quantum secret sharing or distributed computing. Graph states offer a flexible way to represent and manage…

Designing an operational architecture for the Quantum Internet is challenging in light of both fundamental limits imposed by physics laws and technological constraints. Here, we propose a method to abstract away most of the quantum-specific…

We study entanglement percolation in qubit-based planar quantum network models of arbitrary topology, where neighboring nodes are initially connected by pure states with quenched disorder in their entanglement. To address this, we develop a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-27 Andrea De Girolamo , Giuseppe Magnifico , Cosmo Lupo

Quantum communication represents a revolutionary advancement over classical information theory, which leverages unique quantum mechanics properties like entanglement to achieve unprecedented capabilities in secure and efficient information…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Amit Kumar Bhuyan , Hrishikesh Dutta

Quantum networks are essential for advancing scalable quantum information processing. Quantum nonlocality sharing provides a crucial strategy for the resource-efficient recycling of quantum correlations, offering a promising pathway toward…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ming-Xiao Li , Yuqi Li , Rui-Bin Xu , Mo-Ran Zhu , Haitao Ma , Chang-Yue Zhang , Zhu-Jun Zheng

Quantum networks offer a realistic and practical scheme for generating multiparticle entanglement and implementing multiparticle quantum communication protocols. However, the correlations that can be generated in networks with quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-29 Kiara Hansenne , Otfried Gühne

A quantum internet holds promise for achieving distributed quantum sensing and large-scale quantum computer networks, as well as quantum communication among arbitrary clients all over the globe. The main building block is efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-19 Koji Azuma

Large-scale operations in quantum networks require efficient sorting of desired paths between nodes. In this article, we consider entanglement routing, which involves establishing an entanglement link between specific nodes in a large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-27 David Fainsin , Antoine Debray , Ilya Karuseichyk , Mattia Walschaers , Valentina Parigi

We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…