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This is a review article on the development of the probe and enclosure methods from past to present, focused on their central ideas together with various applications.

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-08-25 Masaru Ikehata

We study Steinhaus' theorem regarding statistical limits of measurable real valued functions and we examine the validity of the classical theorems of Measure Theory for statistical convergences.

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2017-02-24 Christos Papachristodoulos

In this note, we present a relationship between Lelong numbers and complex singularity exponents. As an application, we obtain a new proof of Siu's semicontinuity theorem for Lelong numbers.

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2016-03-21 Qi'an Guan , Xiangyu Zhou

We consider the time evolution of a discrete state embedded in a continuum. Results from scattering theory can be utilized to solve the initial value problem and discuss the system as a model of wave packet preparation. Extensive use is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Stig Stenholm , Asta Paloviita

Persistence is an important characteristic of many complex systems in nature, related to how long the system remains at a certain state before changing to a different one. The study of complex systems' persistence involves different…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-05-05 S. Salcedo-Sanz , D. Casillas-Pérez , J. Del Ser , C. Casanova-Mateo , L. Cuadra , M. Piles , G. Camps-Valls

We introduce vectorial and topological continuities for functions defined on vector metric spaces and illustrate spaces of such functions. Also, we describe some fundamental classes of vector valued functions and extension theorems.

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2012-04-23 Cuneyt Cevik

Comparative prime number theory is the study of the {\em{discrepancies}} of distributions when we compare the number of primes in different residue classes. This work presents a list of the problems being investigated in comparative prime…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-02-16 Greg Martin , Justin Scarfy

It is argued that string theory may pose new conceptual issues for the history and philosophy of science.

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Howard J. Schnitzer

We study perpetuities of a special type related to the size-biased distributions. Necessary and sufficient conditions of their existence and uniqueness are obtained. A crucial point in proving all results is a close connection between…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Aleksander M. Iksanov

We study probability distributions of convergent random series of a special structure, called perpetuities. By giving a new argument, we prove that such distributions are of pure type: degenerate, absolutely continuous, or continuously…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-03-27 Gerold Alsmeyer , Alex Iksanov , Uwe Roesler

A permutiple is a number which is an integer multiple of some permutation of its digits. A well-known example is 9801 since it is an integer multiple of its reversal, 1089. In this paper, we consider the permutiple problem in an entirely…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-02-17 Benjamin V. Holt

We prove some general theorems for preserving Dependent Choice when taking symmetric extensions, some of which are unwritten folklore results. We apply these to various constructions to obtain various simple consistency proofs.

Logic · Mathematics 2019-05-10 Asaf Karagila

For nearly two centuries the dynamics of chains have offered examples of paradoxical theoretical predictions. Here we propose a theory for the dissipative dynamics of one-dimensional continua with singularities which provides a unified…

Classical Physics · Physics 2015-03-02 Epifanio G. Virga

We consider the classical concept of time of permanence and observe that its quantum equivalent is described by a bona fide self-adjoint operator. Its interpretation, by means of the spectral theorem, reveals that we have to abandon not…

General Physics · Physics 2012-07-13 Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

We present the classical theory of preservation of $\sqsubset$-unbounded families in generic extensions by ccc posets, where $\sqsubset$ is a definable relation of certain type on spaces of real numbers, typically associated with some…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-01-16 Diego Alejandro Mejía

We generalize the notion of proof term to the realm of transfinite reduction. Proof terms represent reductions in the first-order term format, thereby facilitating their formal analysis. We show that any transfinite reduction can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-02-13 Carlos Lombardi , Alejandro Ríos , Roel de Vrijer

This paper is devoted to the lifespan estimates of small classical solutions of the initial value problems for one dimensional wave equations with semilinear terms of the spatial derivative of the unknown function. It is natural that the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-09-19 Takiko Sasaki , Shu Takamatsu , Hiroyuki Takamura

We introduce persistence with an emphasis on its algebraic foundations, using the representation theory of posets. Linear representations of posets arise in several areas of mathematics, including the representation theory of quivers and…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Ulrich Bauer , Thomas Brüstle , Luis Scoccola

Black holes are a continuing source of mystery. Although their classical properties have been understood since the 1970's, their quantum properties raise some of the deepest questions in theoretical physics. Some of these questions have…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-08-29 Gary T. Horowitz

Statistical distribution of the primes in an arithmetic progression is considered. The estimation of prime numbers is given and combinatorial methods are used to calculate the twin primes on the available interval. The distribution and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-02-28 Nurlan N. Tashatov , Alua S. Turginbayeva , Serik A. Altynbek