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Classification with positive and unlabeled (PU) data frequently arises in bioinformatics, clinical data, and ecological studies, where collecting negative samples can be prohibitively expensive. While prior works on PU data focus on binary…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-20 Lili Zheng , Garvesh Raskutti

For many interesting tasks, such as medical diagnosis and web page classification, a learner only has access to some positively labeled examples and many unlabeled examples. Learning from this type of data requires making assumptions about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-28 Jessa Bekker , Jesse Davis

Recently, learning with soft labels has been shown to achieve better performance than learning with hard labels in terms of model generalization, calibration, and robustness. However, collecting pointwise labeling confidence for all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Wei Wang , Lei Feng , Yuchen Jiang , Gang Niu , Min-Ling Zhang , Masashi Sugiyama

We consider the unsupervised learning problem of assigning labels to unlabeled data. A naive approach is to use clustering methods, but this works well only when data is properly clustered and each cluster corresponds to an underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-02 Marthinus Christoffel du Plessis , Masashi Sugiyama

Positive-unlabeled learning (PU learning) in hyperspectral remote sensing imagery (HSI) is aimed at learning a binary classifier from positive and unlabeled data, which has broad prospects in various earth vision applications. However, when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hengwei Zhao , Xinyu Wang , Jingtao Li , Yanfei Zhong

We develop a classification algorithm for estimating posterior distributions from positive-unlabeled data, that is robust to noise in the positive labels and effective for high-dimensional data. In recent years, several algorithms have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-02 Shantanu Jain , Martha White , Predrag Radivojac

Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning addresses classification problems where only a subset of positive examples is labeled and the remaining data is unlabeled, making explicit negative supervision unavailable. Existing PU methods often rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Vasileios Sevetlidis , George Pavlidis , Antonios Gasteratos

Maximizing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is a standard approach to imbalanced classification. So far, various supervised AUC optimization methods have been developed and they are also extended to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-12 Tomoya Sakai , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Given only positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data, PU learning can train a binary classifier without any negative data. It has two building blocks: PU class-prior estimation (CPE) and PU classification; the latter has been well studied while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Yu Yao , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han , Mingming Gong , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Dacheng Tao

In this study, we propose a method for identifying potential customers in targeted marketing by applying learning from positive and unlabeled data (PU learning). We consider a scenario in which a company sells a product and can observe only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Masahiro Kato , Yuki Ikeda , Kentaro Baba , Takashi Imai , Ryo Inokuchi

The incompleteness of positive labels and the presence of many unlabelled instances are common problems in binary classification applications such as in review helpfulness classification. Various studies from the classification literature…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Xi Wang , Iadh Ounis , Craig Macdonald

Pairwise similarities and dissimilarities between data points might be easier to obtain than fully labeled data in real-world classification problems, e.g., in privacy-aware situations. To handle such pairwise information, an empirical risk…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Takuya Shimada , Han Bao , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

We study binary classification in the setting where the learner is presented with multiple corrupted training samples, with possibly different sample sizes and degrees of corruption, and introduce an approach based on minimizing a weighted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-11 Clayton Scott , Jianxin Zhang

Domain Adaptation methodologies have shown to effectively generalize from a labeled source domain to a label scarce target domain. Previous research has either focused on unlabeled domain adaptation without any target supervision or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Jonas Sonntag , Gunnar Behrens , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

To alleviate the annotation burden in supervised learning, N-tuples learning has recently emerged as a powerful weakly-supervised method. While existing N-tuples learning approaches extend pairwise learning to higher-order comparisons and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-29 Shuying Huang , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

We address learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) data, a common setting in which only some positives are labeled and the rest are mixed with negatives. Classical exponential tilting models guarantee identifiability by assuming a linear…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-19 Peijun Sang , Yifan Sun , Qinglong Tian , Donglin Zeng , Pengfei Li

Training a classifier exploiting a huge amount of supervised data is expensive or even prohibited in a situation, where the labeling cost is high. The remarkable progress in working with weaker forms of supervision is binary classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yuhao Wu , Xiaobo Xia , Jun Yu , Bo Han , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Tongliang Liu

Automated code vulnerability detection has gained increasing attention in recent years. The deep learning (DL)-based methods, which implicitly learn vulnerable code patterns, have proven effective in vulnerability detection. The performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Xin-Cheng Wen , Xinchen Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Shaohua Wang , Yang Liu , Zhaoquan Gu

In supervised learning, we often face with ambiguous (A) samples that are difficult to label even by domain experts. In this paper, we consider a binary classification problem in the presence of such A samples. This problem is substantially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Naoya Otani , Yosuke Otsubo , Tetsuya Koike , Masashi Sugiyama

Learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) data is a setting where the learner only has access to positive and unlabeled samples while having no information on negative examples. Such PU setting is of great importance in various tasks such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Emilio Dorigatti , Jonas Schweisthal , Bernd Bischl , Mina Rezaei
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