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Machine learning (ML) models serve as powerful tools for threat detection and mitigation; however, they also introduce potential new risks. Adversarial input can exploit these models through standard interfaces, thus creating new attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Betül Güvenç Paltun , Ramin Fuladi , Rim El Malki

The remarkable advancements in Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have fueled enthusiasm for using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in almost every domain; however, the opaqueness of these algorithms put a question mark on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-12 F. Hussain , R. Hussain , E. Hossain

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims at providing understandable explanations of black box models. In this paper, we evaluate current XAI methods by scoring them based on ground truth simulations and sensitivity analysis. To this…

Artificial intelligence (AI) enables machines to learn from human experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks. AI is progressing rapidly and is transforming the way businesses operate, from process automation to cognitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Ambreen Hanif

Machine learning (ML) has rapidly advanced in recent years, revolutionizing fields such as finance, medicine, and cybersecurity. In malware detection, ML-based approaches have demonstrated high accuracy; however, their lack of transparency…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Harikha Manthena , Shaghayegh Shajarian , Jeffrey Kimmell , Mahmoud Abdelsalam , Sajad Khorsandroo , Maanak Gupta

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has re-emerged in response to the development of modern AI and ML systems. These systems are complex and sometimes biased, but they nevertheless make decisions that impact our lives. XAI systems are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shane T. Mueller , Elizabeth S. Veinott , Robert R. Hoffman , Gary Klein , Lamia Alam , Tauseef Mamun , William J. Clancey

Established approaches to assuring safety-critical systems and software are difficult to apply to systems employing ML where there is no clear, pre-defined specification against which to assess validity. This problem is exacerbated by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Yan Jia , John McDermid , Tom Lawton , Ibrahim Habli

Explainable AI~(XAI) methods such as SHAP can help discover feature attributions in black-box models. If the method reveals a significant attribution from a ``protected feature'' (e.g., gender, race) on the model output, the model is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Jun Yuan , Aritra Dasgupta

There are concerns about the reliability and safety of artificial intelligence (AI) based on sub-symbolic neural networks because its decisions cannot be explained explicitly. This is the black box problem of modern AI. At the same time,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-21 V. L. Kalmykov , L. V. Kalmykov

While a substantial amount of work has recently been devoted to enhance the performance of computational Authorship Identification (AId) systems, little to no attention has been paid to endowing AId systems with the ability to explain the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mattia Setzu , Silvia Corbara , Anna Monreale , Alejandro Moreo , Fabrizio Sebastiani

The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in the manufacturing domain enables higher production efficiency, outstanding performance, and safer operations, leveraging powerful tools such as deep learning and reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Georgios Sofianidis , Jože M. Rožanec , Dunja Mladenić , Dimosthenis Kyriazis

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) recently launched the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) program that aims to create a suite of new AI techniques that enable end users to understand, appropriately trust, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-07-12 Luca Viganò , Daniele Magazzeni

Not only automation of manufacturing processes but also automation of automation procedures itself become increasingly relevant to automation research. In this context, automated capability assessment, mainly leveraged by deep learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Raoul Schönhof , Artem Werner , Jannes Elstner , Boldizsar Zopcsak , Ramez Awad , Marco Huber

Deep learning models are one of the security strategies, trained on extensive datasets, and play a critical role in detecting and responding to these threats by recognizing complex patterns in malicious code. However, the opaque nature of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Richa Dasila , Vatsala Upadhyay , Samo Bobek , Abhishek Vaish

Strategies based on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) have promoted better human interpretability of the results of black box models. This opens up the possibility of questioning whether explanations created by XAI methods meet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 José Ribeiro , Níkolas Carneiro , Ronnie Alves

Modern AI systems frequently rely on opaque black-box models, most notably Deep Neural Networks, whose performance stems from complex architectures with millions of learned parameters. While powerful, their complexity poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Dembinsky , Adriano Lucieri , Stanislav Frolov , Hiba Najjar , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

The use of deep learning in computer vision tasks such as image classification has led to a rapid increase in the performance of such systems. Due to this substantial increment in the utility of these systems, the use of artificial…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-05 Vinay Jogani , Joy Purohit , Ishaan Shivhare , Seema C Shrawne

We investigate the effectiveness of Explainable AI (XAI) in verifying Machine Unlearning (MU) within the context of harbor front monitoring, focusing on data privacy and regulatory compliance. With the increasing need to adhere to privacy…

The remarkable success of deep learning has prompted interest in its application to medical imaging diagnosis. Even though state-of-the-art deep learning models have achieved human-level accuracy on the classification of different types of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Cristiano Patrício , João C. Neves , Luís F. Teixeira

In recent years, deep learning has achieved unprecedented success in various computer vision tasks, particularly in object detection. However, the black-box nature and high complexity of deep neural networks pose significant challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 FatemehSadat Seyedmomeni , Mohammad Ali Keyvanrad