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Increasing energy efficiency in buildings can reduce costs and emissions substantially. Historically, this has been treated as a local, or single-agent, optimization problem. However, many buildings utilize the same types of thermal…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Hussain Kazmi , Johan Suykens , Johan Driesen

Although reinforcement learning methods can achieve impressive results in simulation, the real world presents two major challenges: generating samples is exceedingly expensive, and unexpected perturbations or unseen situations cause…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Anusha Nagabandi , Ignasi Clavera , Simin Liu , Ronald S. Fearing , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

This paper addresses the challenges of high resource dynamism and scheduling complexity in cloud-native database systems. It proposes an adaptive resource orchestration method based on multi-agent reinforcement learning. The method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Guanzi Yao , Heyao Liu , Linyan Dai

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external, domain-specific data into the generative process. While LLMs are highly capable, they often rely on static, pre-trained datasets, limiting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Aniruddha Salve , Saba Attar , Mahesh Deshmukh , Sayali Shivpuje , Arnab Mitra Utsab

In fighting games, individual players of the same skill level often exhibit distinct strategies from one another through their gameplay. Despite this, the majority of AI agents for fighting games have only a single strategy for each "level"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Emily Halina , Matthew Guzdial

Conventional Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models benefit from the training with an additional agent, e.g., dual learning, and bidirectional decoding with one agent decoding from left to right and the other decoding in the opposite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Tianchi Bi , Hao Xiong , Zhongjun He , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

This survey explores the development of meta-thinking capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) from a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) perspective. Meta-thinking self-reflection, assessment, and control of thinking processes is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ahsan Bilal , Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Muhammad Umer , Muhammad Awais Khan Bangash , Muhammad Ali Jamshed

We introduce a novel repeated Inverse Reinforcement Learning problem: the agent has to act on behalf of a human in a sequence of tasks and wishes to minimize the number of tasks that it surprises the human by acting suboptimally with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Kareem Amin , Nan Jiang , Satinder Singh

It has previously been shown that by using reinforcement learning (RL), agents can derive simple approximate and exact-restricted numeral systems that are similar to human ones (Carlsson, 2021). However, it is a major challenge to show how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Andrea Silvi , Jonathan Thomas , Emil Carlsson , Devdatt Dubhashi , Moa Johansson

Lane-changing decisions, which are crucial for autonomous vehicle path planning, face practical challenges due to rule-based constraints and limited data. Deep reinforcement learning has become a major research focus due to its advantages…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xiaojun Bi , Mingjie He , Yiwen Sun

Designing an effective communication mechanism among agents in reinforcement learning has been a challenging task, especially for real-world applications. The number of agents can grow or an environment sometimes needs to interact with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Wei-Cheng Tseng , Wei Wei , Da-Cheng Juan , Min Sun

In this work we describe a novel deep reinforcement learning architecture that allows multiple actions to be selected at every time-step in an efficient manner. Multi-action policies allow complex behaviours to be learnt that would…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Jack Harmer , Linus Gisslén , Jorge del Val , Henrik Holst , Joakim Bergdahl , Tom Olsson , Kristoffer Sjöö , Magnus Nordin

Large Language Model (LLM) agents significantly extend the capabilities of standalone LLMs, empowering them to interact with external tools (e.g., APIs, functions) and complete various tasks in a self-directed fashion. The challenge of tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Weizhou Shen , Chenliang Li , Hongzhan Chen , Ming Yan , Xiaojun Quan , Hehong Chen , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang

Reinforcement learning (RL) with outcome-based rewards has achieved significant success in training large language model (LLM) agents for complex reasoning tasks. However, in active reasoning where agents need to strategically ask questions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Deyu Zou , Yongqiang Chen , Fan Feng , Mufei Li , Pan Li , Yu Gong , James Cheng

Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Autonomous vehicles are suited for continuous area patrolling problems. However, finding an optimal patrolling strategy can be challenging for many reasons. Firstly, patrolling environments are often complex and can include unknown…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Chenhao Tong , Aaron Harwood , Maria A. Rodriguez , Richard O. Sinnott

Large language models (LLMs) augmented with external tools are increasingly deployed as deep research agents that gather, reason over, and synthesize web information to answer complex queries. Although recent open-source systems achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yi Wan , Jiuqi Wang , Liam Li , Jinsong Liu , Ruihao Zhu , Zheqing Zhu

Learning-based approaches for solving large sequential decision making problems have become popular in recent years. The resulting agents perform differently and their characteristics depend on those of the underlying learning approach.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Timo P. Gros , Daniel Höller , Jörg Hoffmann , Verena Wolf

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in certain reasoning tasks, they struggle in multi-agent games where the final outcome depends on the joint strategies of all agents. In multi-agent games, the non-stationarity of other agents brings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yidong He , Yutao Lai , Pengxu Yang , Jiarui Gan , Jiexin Wang , Yi Cai , Mengchen Zhao

The main challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning is the difficulty of learning useful policies in the presence of other simultaneously learning agents whose changing behaviors jointly affect the environment's transition and reward…