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Both bilevel and robust optimization are established fields of mathematical optimization and operations research. However, only until recently, the similarities in their mathematical structure has neither been studied theoretically nor…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Henri Lefebvre , Martin Schmidt , Simon Stevens , Johannes Thürauf

We consider the convex bilevel optimization problem, also known as simple bilevel programming. There are two challenges in solving convex bilevel optimization problems. Firstly, strong duality is not guaranteed due to the lack of Slater…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Khanh-Hung Giang-Tran , Nam Ho-Nguyen , Fatma Kılınç-Karzan , Lingqing Shen

In this paper, we formulate the hyperparameter tuning problem in machine learning as a bilevel program. The bilevel program is solved using a micro genetic algorithm that is enhanced with a linear program. While the genetic algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Ankur Sinha , Paritosh Pankaj

Bilevel programs model sequential decision interactions between two sets of players and find wide applications in real-world complex systems. In this paper, we consider a bilevel mixed-integer linear program with binary tender, wherein the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

In this paper we begin by discussing the simple bilevel programming problem (SBP) and its extension the simple mathematical programming problem under equilibrium constraints (SMPEC). Here we first define both these problems and study their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-16 Stephan Dempe , Nguyen Dinh , Joydeep Dutta , Tanushree Pandit

Bilevel optimization provides a powerful framework for modelling hierarchical decision-making systems. This work presents a sensitivity-based algorithm that addresses the bilevel structure directly by treating the lower-level optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Eduardo Nolasco , Ross D. King , Vassilios S. Vassiliadis

Bilevel programming can be used to formulate many problems in the field of power systems, such as strategic bidding. However, common reformulations of bilevel problems to mixed-integer linear programs make solving such problems hard, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Eléa Prat , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Bilevel programs with spatial price equilibrium constraints are strategic models that consider a price competition at the lower level. These models find application in facility location-price models, optimal bidding in power networks, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-25 Akshit Goyal , Jean-Philippe P. Richard

Bilevel linear programs (BLPs) form a class of hierarchical decision-making problems in which both the upper-level and the lower-level decision-makers, known as the leader and the follower, respectively, solve linear optimization problems.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Sergey S. Ketkov , Oleg A. Prokopyev

Many combinatorial optimization problems entail a number of hierarchically dependent optimization problems. An often used solution is to associate a suitably large cost with each individual optimization problem, such that the solution of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-04-02 Josep Argelich , Ines Lynce , Joao Marques-Silva

We propose a new approach to solving bilevel optimization problems, intermediate between solving full-system optimality conditions with a Newton-type approach, and treating the inner problem as an implicit function. The overall idea is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

This paper studies bilevel polynomial optimization problems. To solve them, we give a method based on polynomial optimization relaxations. Each relaxation is obtained from the Kurash-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions for the lower level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-11 Jiawang Nie , Li Wang , Jane Ye , Suhan Zhong

In many scenarios, one uses a large training set to train a model with the goal of performing well on a smaller testing set with a different distribution. Learning a weight for each data point of the training set is an appealing solution,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-27 Anastasia Ivanova , Pierre Ablin

A learning approach to selecting regularization parameters in multi-penalty Tikhonov regularization is investigated. It leads to a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower level problem is a Tikhonov regularized problem parameterized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Gernot Holler , Karl Kunisch , Richard C. Barnard

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization problems, also known as simple bilevel optimization, where we minimize a smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex constrained optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Ruichen Jiang , Nazanin Abolfazli , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

We introduce a unified framework for the study of multilevel mixed integer linear optimization problems and multistage stochastic mixed integer linear optimization problems with recourse. The framework highlights the common mathematical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Suresh Bolusani , Stefano Coniglio , Ted. K. Ralphs , Sahar Tahernejad

We design and analyze a novel accelerated gradient-based algorithm for a class of bilevel optimization problems. These problems have various applications arising from machine learning and image processing, where optimal solutions of the two…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-20 Sepideh Samadi , Daniel Burbano , Farzad Yousefian

This paper studies bilevel polynomial optimization in which lower-level constraint functions depend linearly on lower-level variables. We show that such bilevel program can be reformulated as a disjunctive program by using…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Jiawang Nie , Jane J. Ye , Suhan Zhong

When the lower-level optimal solution set-valued mapping of a bilevel optimization problem is not single-valued, we are faced with an ill-posed problem, which gives rise to the optimistic and pessimistic bilevel optimization problems, as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Imane Benchouk , Khadra Nachi , Alain Zemkoho