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For an integer $k$ at least $2$, and a graph $G$, let $f_k(G)$ be the minimum cardinality of a set $X$ of vertices of $G$ such that $G-X$ has either $k$ vertices of maximum degree or order less than $k$. Caro and Yuster (Discrete…

A {\it fractional matching} of a graph $G$ is a function $f$ giving each edge a number in $[0,1]$ so that $\sum_{e \in \Gamma(v)} f(e) \le 1$ for each $v\in V(G)$, where $\Gamma(v)$ is the set of edges incident to $v$. The {\it fractional…

For an edge-colored graph $G$, a set $F$ of edges of $G$ is called a \emph{proper cut} if $F$ is an edge-cut of $G$ and any pair of adjacent edges in $F$ are assigned by different colors. An edge-colored graph is \emph{proper disconnected}…

Erd\H{o}s, Pach, Pollack, and Tuza [\textit{J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 47(1) (1989), 73-79}] proved that the diameter of a connected $n$-vertex graph with minimum degree $\delta$ is at most $\frac{3n}{\delta+1}+O(1)$. The oriented diameter…

Let $\delta$ and $\Delta$ be the minimum and the maximum degree of the vertices of a simple connected graph $G$, respectively. The distinguishing index of a graph $G$, denoted by $D'(G)$, is the least number of labels in an edge labeling of…

The \emph{metric dimension} of a graph $G$, denoted by $\dim(G)$, is the minimum number of vertices such that each vertex is uniquely determined by its distances to the chosen vertices. Let $G_1$ and $G_2$ be disjoint copies of a graph $G$…

The bondage number b(G) of a graph G is the smallest number of edges of G whose removal from G results in a graph having the domination number larger than that of G. We show that, for a graph G having the maximum vertex degree $\Delta(G)$…

For $F\subseteq V(G)$, if $G-F$ is a disconnected graph with at least $r$ components and each vertex $v\in V(G)\backslash F$ has at least $g$ neighbors, then $F$ is called a $g$-good $r$-component cut of $G$. The $g$-good $r$-component…

A double Roman dominating function of a graph $G$ is a function $f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0,1,2,3\}$ having the property that for each vertex $v$ with $f(v)=0$, there exists $u\in N(v)$ with $f(u)=3$, or there are $u,w\in N(v)$ with…

Let $G$ be a simple graph with vertex set $V(G)$. A set $S\subseteq V(G)$ is independent if no two vertices from $S$ are adjacent. For $X\subseteq V(G)$, the difference of $X$ is $d(X) = |X|-|N(X)|$ and an independent set $A$ is critical if…

The prime-coprime graph $\Theta(G)$ of a finite group $G$ is the simple graph with vertex set $G$, where two distinct elements are adjacent whenever the greatest common divisor of their orders is either $1$ or a prime. We characterize all…

In [Graphs Combin.~24 (2008) 469--483.], the third author and the fifth author conjectured that if $G$ is a $k$-connected graph such that $\sigma_{k+1}(G) \ge |V(G)|+\kappa(G)+(k-2)(\alpha(G)-1)$, then $G$ contains a Hamiltonian cycle,…

The proper connection number $pc(G)$ of a connected graph $G$ is defined as the minimum number of colors needed to color its edges, so that every pair of distinct vertices of $G$ is connected by at least one path in $G$ such that no two…

An independent double Roman dominating function (IDRDF) on a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a function $f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0,1,2,3\}$ having the property that if $f(v)=0$, then the vertex $v$ has at least two neighbors assigned $2$ under $f$ or one…

We prove that if $G$ is a 2-connected graph with $\delta(G) \geqslant \frac{v(G) + 2}{3}$ then $G$ has a cycle $W$ such that $V(G - W)$ is independent. This result is best possible in the sense that it becomes false if $\frac{v(G) + 2}{3}$…

Let $G$ be a graph. A set $S \subseteq V(G)$ is independent if its elements are pairwise non-adjacent. A vertex $v \in V(G)$ is shedding if for every independent set $S \subseteq V(G) \setminus N[v]$ there exists $u \in N(v)$ such that $S…

The \emph{distance-number} of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of distinct edge-lengths over all straight-line drawings of $G$ in the plane. This definition generalises many well-known concepts in combinatorial geometry. We consider the…

A connected undirected graph $G = (V,E)$ is lower conformally rigid if uniform edge weights maximize the second smallest Laplacian eigenvalue $\lambda_2(w)$ over all normalized edge weights $w$, and upper conformally rigid if uniform edge…

For a given multigraph H, a graph G is H-linked, if |G| \geq |H| and for every injective map {\tau}: V (H) \rightarrow V (G), we can find internally disjoint paths in G, such that every edge from uv in H corresponds to a {\tau} (u) - {\tau}…

A set $S$ of vertices in a graph $G$ is a dominating set of $G$ if every vertex not in $S$ is adjacent to a vertex in~$S$. An independent dominating set in $G$ is a dominating set of $G$ with the additional property that it is an…