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Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable advancements in their ability to generate fitting responses to natural language instructions. However, many current works rely on manual evaluation to judge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ansar Aynetdinov , Alan Akbik

Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single metric per dataset, often representing the model's best-case performance under carefully selected settings. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks model robustness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Grigor Nalbandyan , Rima Shahbazyan , Evelina Bakhturina

ROUGE is one of the first and most widely used evaluation metrics for text summarization. However, its assessment merely relies on surface similarities between peer and model summaries. Consequently, ROUGE is unable to fairly evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Elaheh ShafieiBavani , Mohammad Ebrahimi , Raymond Wong , Fang Chen

ROUGE is a widely adopted, automatic evaluation measure for text summarization. While it has been shown to correlate well with human judgements, it is biased towards surface lexical similarities. This makes it unsuitable for the evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-26 Jun-Ping Ng , Viktoria Abrecht

Evaluating natural language generation models, particularly for method name prediction, poses significant challenges. A robust metric must account for the versatility of method naming, considering both semantic and syntactic variations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Ravil Mussabayev

Automatic evaluation remains an open research question in Natural Language Generation. In the context of Sentence Simplification, this is particularly challenging: the task requires by nature to replace complex words with simpler ones that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Thomas Scialom , Louis Martin , Jacopo Staiano , Éric Villemonte de la Clergerie , Benoît Sagot

In this paper we revisit automatic metrics for paraphrase evaluation and obtain two findings that disobey conventional wisdom: (1) Reference-free metrics achieve better performance than their reference-based counterparts. (2) Most commonly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Lingfeng Shen , Lemao Liu , Haiyun Jiang , Shuming Shi

This paper addresses automatic quality assessment of spoken language translation (SLT). This relatively new task is defined and formalized as a sequence labeling problem where each word in the SLT hypothesis is tagged as good or bad…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-02 Ngoc-Tien Le , Benjamin Lecouteux , Laurent Besacier

This paper introduces Latent Relational Analysis (LRA), a method for measuring relational similarity. LRA has potential applications in many areas, including information extraction, word sense disambiguation, machine translation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Peter D. Turney

As transparency becomes key for robotics and AI, it will be necessary to evaluate the methods through which transparency is provided, including automatically generated natural language (NL) explanations. Here, we explore parallels between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Miruna Clinciu , Arash Eshghi , Helen Hastie

Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in aligning generated text with user intentions across various tasks. When it comes to long-form text generation, there has been a growing interest in generation from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yinhong Liu , Yixuan Su , Ehsan Shareghi , Nigel Collier

Training data influence estimation methods quantify the contribution of training documents to a model's output, making them a promising source of information for example-based explanations. As humans cannot interpret thousands of documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Loris Schoenegger , Benjamin Roth

Evaluation is a bottleneck in the development of natural language generation (NLG) models. Automatic metrics such as BLEU rely on references, but for tasks such as open-ended generation, there are no references to draw upon. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Kawin Ethayarajh , Dorsa Sadigh

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has gained traction for its ability to learn rich representations with low labeling costs, applicable across diverse downstream tasks. However, assessing the downstream-task performance remains challenging due…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Maekaku , Keita Goto , Jinchuan Tian , Yusuke Shinohara , Shinji Watanabe

This paper introduces NoRefER, a novel referenceless quality metric for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Traditional reference-based metrics for evaluating ASR systems require costly ground-truth transcripts. NoRefER overcomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Thiago Ferreira , Golara Javadi , Mohamed El-Badrashiny , Ahmet Gunduz

Textless spoken language models (SLMs) are generative models of speech that do not rely on text supervision. Most textless SLMs learn to predict the next semantic token, a discrete representation of linguistic content, and rely on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Ju-Chieh Chou , Jiawei Zhou , Karen Livescu

In the realm of automatic speech recognition (ASR), the quest for models that not only perform with high accuracy but also offer transparency in their decision-making processes is crucial. The potential of quality estimation (QE) metrics is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Golara Javadi , Kamer Ali Yuksel , Yunsu Kim , Thiago Castro Ferreira , Mohamed Al-Badrashiny

Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Jack Hessel , Ari Holtzman , Maxwell Forbes , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi

In the recent advances of natural language processing, the scale of the state-of-the-art models and datasets is usually extensive, which challenges the application of sample-based explanation methods in many aspects, such as explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Wei Zhang , Ziming Huang , Yada Zhu , Guangnan Ye , Xiaodong Cui , Fan Zhang

We introduce the SEER (Span-based Emotion Evidence Retrieval) Benchmark to test Large Language Models' (LLMs) ability to identify the specific spans of text that express emotion. Unlike traditional emotion recognition tasks that assign a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Aneesha Sampath , Oya Aran , Emily Mower Provost