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The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has standardized Coverage Enhancement (CE) for Internet-of-Things (IoT) to connect devices in challenging radio conditions with cellular networks. CE is based on the principle of prolonged…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Stefan Runeson , Ali Zaidi , Ana Cantarero

Achieving precise time synchronization in wireless systems is essential for both industrial applications and 5G, where sub-microsecond accuracy is required. However, since the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) market is negligible…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Michael Gundall , Hans D. Schotten

LTE Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a 3GPP defined cellular technology that is designed to enable connectivity to many low-cost and low power/throughput IoT devices running delay-tolerant applications. NB-IoT can coexist within…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Arvind Chakrapani

Ultra-low-power (ULP) Internet of Things (IoT) applications demand communication architectures with minimal energy consumption. Noise Modulation (NoiseMod) addresses this by encoding data through the statistical variance of a noise-like…

5G NB-IoT is seen as a key technology for providing truly ubiquitous, global 5G coverage (1.000.000 devices/km2) for machine type communications in the internet of things. A non-terrestrial network (NTN) variant of NB-IoT is being…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-29 René Brandborg Sørensen , Henrik Krogh Møller , Per Koch

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a new Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology released by 3GPP. The primary goals of NB-IoT are improved coverage, massive capacity, low cost, and long battery life. In order to improve…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Sahithya Ravi , Pouria Zand , Mohieddine El Soussi , Majid Nabi

Timing detection is the first step and very important in wireless communication systems. Timing detection performance is usually affected by the frequency offset. Therefore, it is a challenge to design the synchronization signal in massive…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-10-02 Jun Zou

Wireless sensor network (WSN) underpinning the smart-grid Internet of Things (SG-IoT) has been a popular research topic in recent years due to its great potential for enabling a wide range of important applications. However, the energy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-23 Hongjian Gao , Yang Lu , Shaoshi Yang , Jingsheng Tan , Longlong Nie , Xinyi Qu

5G network is envisioned to deploy a massive Internet-of-Things (IoTs) with requirements of low-latency, low control overhead and low power. Current 4G network is optimized for large bandwidth applications and inefficient to handle short…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-05-22 Shweta S. Sagari , Siddarth Mathur , Dola Saha , Syed Obaid Amin , Ravishankar Ravindran , Ivan Seskar , Dipankar Raychaudhuri , Guoqiang Wang

We propose EdgeSpike, a co-designed spiking neural network (SNN) framework for autonomous low-power sensing in edge Internet of Things (IoT) architectures. EdgeSpike unifies (i) a hybrid surrogate-gradient and direct-encoding training…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Gustav Olaf Yunus Laitinen-Fredriksson Lundstrom-Imanov , Taner Yilmaz

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is widely used in IoT systems because of its low power consumption, interoperability, and reliable bidirectional communication. However, its connection-oriented architecture introduces trade-offs among wake-up…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ziyao Zhou , Chen Shen , Tiancheng Cao , Hen-Wei Huang

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a technology specifically designated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet the explosive demand for massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and it is evolving to RedCap.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Shutao Zhang , Wenkun Wen , Peiran Wu , Hongqing Huang , Liya Zhu , Yijia Guo , Tingting Yang , Minghua Xia

Small, low-cost IoT devices are typically equipped with only a single, low-quality antenna, significantly limiting communication range and link quality. In particular, these antennas are typically linearly polarized and therefore…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Lili Chen , Wenjun Hu , Kyle Jamieson , Xiaojiang Chen , Dingyi Fang , Jeremy Gummeson

Accurate time synchronization is essential for Internet of Things (IoT) systems, where multiple distributed nodes must share a common time base for coordinated sensing and data fusion. However, conventional synchronization approaches suffer…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Ziyao Zhou , Tiancheng Cao , Chen Shen , Jiaqi Zhang , Yuting Liu , Hen-Wei Huang

One of the main challenges in IoT is providing communication support to an increasing number of connected devices. In recent years, narrowband radio technology has emerged to address this situation: Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT),…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Emmanuel Luján , Juan A. Zuloaga Mellino , Alejandro D. Otero , Leonardo Rey Vega , Cecilia G. Galarza , Esteban E. Mocskos

On demand sensing is emerging as a key paradigm in Internet of Things (IoT) systems, where devices remain in low power states and transmit data only upon event triggers. Such an operation requires wireless communication schemes that provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Ziyao Zhou , Chen Shen , Sicong Shen , Hen-Wei Huang

The burgeoning and ubiquitous deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) landscape struggles with ultra-low latency demands for computation-intensive tasks in massive connectivity scenarios. In this paper, we propose an innovative uplink…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuang Chen , Fengqian Guo , Chang Wu , Mingyu Peng , Hancheng Lu , Chang Wen Chen

5th generation (5G) systems have been designed with three main objectives in mind: increasing throughput, reducing latency, and enabling reliable communications. To meet these (often conflicting) constraints, the 3GPP released a set of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Matteo Pagin , Tommaso Zugno , Marco Giordani , Louis-Adrien Dufrene , Quentin Lampin , Michele Zorzi

In this paper, we study cross-layer optimization of low-power wireless links for reliability-aware applications while considering both the constraints and the non-ideal characteristics of the hardware in Internet-of-things (IoT) devices.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Aamir Mahmood , M. M. Aftab Hossain , Cicek Cavdar , Mikael Gidlund

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a new cellular technology introduced in 3GPP Release 13 for providing wide-area coverage for the Internet of Things (IoT). This article provides an overview of the air interface of NB-IoT. We…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-06-15 Y. -P. Eric Wang , Xingqin Lin , Ansuman Adhikary , Asbjörn Grövlen , Yutao Sui , Yufei Blankenship , Johan Bergman , Hazhir S. Razaghi
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