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Recently, there has been an increase in the number of knowledge graphs that can be only queried by experts. However, describing questions using structured queries is not straightforward for non-expert users who need to have sufficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Abdelghny Orogat , Isabelle Liu , Ahmed El-Roby

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly used in Question Answering (QA) settings, increasingly in the natural sciences if not science at large. Reliable Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is critical for the trustworthy uptake of generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Philip Müller , Nicholas Popovič , Michael Färber , Peter Steinbach

Long-Form Question Answering (LFQA) involves generating comprehensive, paragraph-level responses to open-ended questions, which poses a significant challenge for evaluation due to the richness of information and flexible response format.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuchen Fan , Chen Lin , Xin Zhong , Shuo Zhang , Heng Zhou , Yuchen Zhang , Mingyu Liang , Chengxing Xie , Ermo Hua , Gang Chen , Zhizhou He , Cheng Huang , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

Question answering (QA) systems provide a way of querying the information available in various formats including, but not limited to, unstructured and structured data in natural languages. It constitutes a considerable part of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Munazza Zaib , Wei Emma Zhang , Quan Z. Sheng , Adnan Mahmood , Yang Zhang

The task of Question Answering has gained prominence in the past few decades for testing the ability of machines to understand natural language. Large datasets for Machine Reading have led to the development of neural models that cater to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Soumya Wadhwa , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Eric Nyberg

Semantic text embedding is essential to many tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). While black-box models are capable of generating high-quality embeddings, their lack of interpretability limits their use in tasks that demand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yiqun Sun , Qiang Huang , Yixuan Tang , Anthony K. H. Tung , Jun Yu

Semantic Question Answering (SQA) systems automatically interpret user questions expressed in a natural language in terms of semantic queries. This process involves uncertainty, such that the resulting queries do not always accurately match…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Hamid Zafar , Mohnish Dubey , Jens Lehmann , Elena Demidova

Popular QA benchmarks like SQuAD have driven progress on the task of identifying answer spans within a specific passage, with models now surpassing human performance. However, retrieving relevant answers from a huge corpus of documents is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Amin Ahmad , Noah Constant , Yinfei Yang , Daniel Cer

Despite significant advances in quantum computing across various domains, research on applying quantum approaches to language compositionality - such as modeling linguistic structures and interactions - remains limited. This gap extends to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Hala Hawashin

Checkboxes are critical in real-world document processing where the presence or absence of ticks directly informs data extraction and decision-making processes. Yet, despite the strong performance of Large Vision and Language Models across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Michał Turski , Mateusz Chiliński , Łukasz Borchmann

Question answering (QA) systems are sensitive to the many different ways natural language expresses the same information need. In this paper we turn to paraphrases as a means of capturing this knowledge and present a general framework which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Li Dong , Jonathan Mallinson , Siva Reddy , Mirella Lapata

Open-domain question answering (Open-QA) is a common task for evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, current Open-QA evaluations are criticized for the ambiguity in questions and the lack of semantic understanding in evaluators.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Peiran Yao , Denilson Barbosa

Medical question answering (QA) systems have the potential to answer clinicians uncertainties about treatment and diagnosis on demand, informed by the latest evidence. However, despite the significant progress in general QA made by the NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Gregory Kell , Iain J. Marshall , Byron C. Wallace , Andre Jaun

Human evaluation plays a crucial role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) as it assesses the quality and relevance of developed systems, thereby facilitating their enhancement. However, the absence of widely accepted human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Iva Bojic , Jessica Chen , Si Yuan Chang , Qi Chwen Ong , Shafiq Joty , Josip Car

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance across various tasks, prompting researchers to develop diverse evaluation benchmarks. However, most benchmarks typically measure the ability of LLMs to respond to individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yutao Hou , Yajing Luo , Zhiwen Ruan , Hongru Wang , Weifeng Ge , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Quality Estimation (QE) is an important component in making Machine Translation (MT) useful in real-world applications, as it is aimed to inform the user on the quality of the MT output at test time. Existing approaches require large…

This thesis work falls within the framework of question answering (QA) in the biomedical domain where several specific challenges are addressed, such as specialized lexicons and terminologies, the types of treated questions, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Mourad Sarrouti

In the recent past, Natural language Inference (NLI) has gained significant attention, particularly given its promise for downstream NLP tasks. However, its true impact is limited and has not been well studied. Therefore, in this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Anshuman Mishra , Dhruvesh Patel , Aparna Vijayakumar , Xiang Li , Pavan Kapanipathi , Kartik Talamadupula

Conversational question answering aims to provide natural-language answers to users in information-seeking conversations. Existing conversational QA benchmarks compare models with pre-collected human-human conversations, using ground-truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Huihan Li , Tianyu Gao , Manan Goenka , Danqi Chen

While question-answering~(QA) benchmark performance is an automatic and scalable method to compare LLMs, it is an indirect method of evaluating their underlying problem-solving capabilities. Therefore, we propose a holistic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Yunxiang Yan , Tomohiro Sawada , Kartik Goyal