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Most state of the art decision systems based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) are data-driven black-box neural models, where it is often difficult to incorporate expert knowledge into the models or let experts review and validate the learned…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Vadim Liventsev , Aki Härmä , Milan Petković

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) model systems where molecules interact according to a finite set of reactions such as $A + B \to C$, representing that if a molecule of $A$ and $B$ collide, they disappear and a molecule of $C$ is produced.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-21 David Doty , Ben Heckmann

Molecular simulation is a scientific tool dealing with challenges in material science and biology. This is reflected in a permanent development and enhancement of algorithms within scientific simulation packages. Here, we present…

In this paper, it is presented a methodology for implementing arbitrarily constructed time-homogenous Markov chains with biochemical systems. Not only discrete but also continuous-time Markov chains are allowed to be computed. By employing…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-16 Chuan Zhang , Ziyuan Shen , Wei Wei , Jing Zhao , Zaichen Zhang , Xiaohu You

We present a perspective on molecular machine learning (ML) in the field of chemical process engineering. Recently, molecular ML has demonstrated great potential in (i) providing highly accurate predictions for properties of pure components…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Jan G. Rittig , Manuel Dahmen , Martin Grohe , Philippe Schwaller , Alexander Mitsos

The chemical reaction network (CRN) is a widely used formalism to describe macroscopic behavior of chemical systems. Available tools for CRN modelling and simulation require local access, installation, and often involve local file storage,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2015-12-07 Peter Banda , Drew Blount , Christof Teuscher

Analysis of large continuous-time stochastic systems is a computationally intensive task. In this work we focus on population models arising from chemical reaction networks (CRNs), which play a fundamental role in analysis and design of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Milan Češka , Jan Křetínský

The Turing completeness result for continuous chemical reaction networks (CRN) shows that any computable function over the real numbers can be computed by a CRN over a finite set of formal molecular species using at most bimolecular…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-07-01 Mathieu Hemery , François Fages , Sylvain Soliman

Artificial neural networks (NNs) can be implemented using chemical reaction networks (CRNs), where the concentrations of species act as inputs and outputs. In such biochemical computing, noise-robust computing is crucial due to the…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-17 Sunghwa Kang , Jinsu Kim

Deep learning has significantly accelerated drug discovery, with 'chemical language' processing (CLP) emerging as a prominent approach. CLP learns from molecular string representations (e.g., Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Systems…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-13 Rıza Özçelik , Francesca Grisoni

A chemical reaction mechanism (CRM) is a sequence of molecular-level events involving bond-breaking/forming processes, generating transient intermediates along the reaction pathway as reactants transform into products. Understanding such…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Ajnabiul Hoque , Manajit Das , Mayank Baranwal , Raghavan B. Sunoj

Machine learning (ML) is transforming all areas of science. The complex and time-consuming calculations in molecular simulations are particularly suitable for a machine learning revolution and have already been profoundly impacted by the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-11-11 Frank Noé , Alexandre Tkatchenko , Klaus-Robert Müller , Cecilia Clementi

Enhancing sampling and analyzing simulations are central issues in molecular simulation. Recently, we introduced PLUMED, an open-source plug-in that provides some of the most popular molecular dynamics (MD) codes with implementations of a…

Computational Physics · Physics 2014-10-07 Gareth A. Tribello , Massimiliano Bonomi , Davide Branduardi , Carlo Camilloni , Giovanni Bussi

Many important phenomena in biochemistry and biology exploit dynamical features such as multi-stability, oscillations, and chaos. Construction of novel chemical systems with such rich dynamics is a challenging problem central to the fields…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-04 Alexander Dack , Benjamin Qureshi , Thomas E. Ouldridge , Tomislav Plesa

Biomolecular networks underpin emerging technologies in synthetic biology-from robust biomanufacturing and metabolic engineering to smart therapeutics and cell-based diagnostics-and also provide a mechanistic language for understanding…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-02 Maurice Filo , Nicolò Rossi , Zhou Fang , Mustafa Khammash

Despite their ability to understand chemical knowledge, large language models (LLMs) remain limited in their capacity to propose novel molecules with desired functions (e.g., drug-like properties). In addition, the molecules that LLMs…

Recent research into analog computing has introduced new notions of computing real numbers. Huang, Klinge, Lathrop, Li, and Lutz defined a notion of computing real numbers in real-time with chemical reaction networks (CRNs), introducing the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Willem Fletcher , Titus H. Klinge , James I. Lathrop , Dawn A. Nye , Matthew Rayman

Machine learning techniques applied to chemical reactions has a long history. The present contribution discusses applications ranging from small molecule reaction dynamics to platforms for reaction planning. ML-based techniques can be of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-01-12 M. Meuwly

Predicting chemical reactions, a fundamental challenge in chemistry, involves forecasting the resulting products from a given reaction process. Conventional techniques, notably those employing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), are often limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Yaorui Shi , An Zhang , Enzhi Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Xiang Wang

Chemical reactions occur in energy, environmental, biological, and many other natural systems, and the inference of the reaction networks is essential to understand and design the chemical processes in engineering and life sciences. Yet,…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-22 Weiqi Ji , Sili Deng