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With the rise in using immature smart contract programming languages to build a decentralized application, more vulnerabilities have been introduced to the Blockchain and were the main reasons behind critical financial losses. Moreover, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Oualid Zaazaa , Hanan El Bakkali

Vyper has been proposed as a new high-level language for Ethereum smart contract development due to numerous security vulnerabilities and attacks witnessed on contracts written in Solidity since the system's inception. Vyper aims to address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Mudabbir Kaleem , Anastasia Mavridou , Aron Laszka

A bug or error is a common problem that any software or computer program may encounter. It can occur from badly writing the program, a typing error or bad memory management. However, errors can become a significant issue if the unsafe…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Zeinab Nehai , François Bobot

Smart contracts are the cornerstone of decentralized applications and financial protocols, which extend the application of digital currency transactions. The applications and financial protocols introduce significant security challenges,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li , Xin Wang

Blockchain technology has set off a wave of decentralization in the world since its birth. The trust system constructed by blockchain technology based on cryptography algorithm and computing power provides a practical and powerful solution…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Pengfei Gao , Dechao Kong , Xiaoqi Li

Due to the immutable and decentralized nature of Ethereum (ETH) platform, smart contracts are prone to security risks that can result in financial loss. While existing machine learning-based vulnerability detection algorithms achieve high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Christoph Sendner , Ruisi Zhang , Alexander Hefter , Alexandra Dmitrienko , Farinaz Koushanfar

The rise of blockchain has brought smart contracts into mainstream use, creating a demand for smart contract generation tools. While large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code in general-purpose languages, their effectiveness on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhifan Ye , Jiachi Chen , Zhenzhe Shao , Lingfeng Bao , Xiaohu Yang , Zhongxin Liu

Software built on poor structural patterns often shows higher exposure to security defects. When code differs from established best practices, verification and maintenance become increasingly difficult, thereby raising the risk of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Masoud Jamshidiyan Tehrani

Due to the inherent immutability of blockchain technology, smart contract updates require their deployment at new addresses rather than modifying existing ones, thus fragmenting version histories and creating critical blind spots for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Fatou Ndiaye Mbodji , Vinny Adjibi , Moustapha Awwalou Diouf , Gervais Mendy , Kui Liu , Jacques Klein , Tegawende Bissyande

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs that execute on the infrastructure of the blockchain, which often manage valuable digital assets. Solidity is one of the most popular programming languages for writing smart contracts on the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Tai D. Nguyen , Long H. Pham , Jun Sun , Yun Lin , Quang Tran Minh

Smart contracts are programs that execute inside blockchains such as Ethereum to manipulate digital assets. Since bugs in smart contracts may lead to substantial financial losses, there is considerable interest in formally proving their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Christian Bräm , Marco Eilers , Peter Müller , Robin Sierra , Alexander J. Summers

As one of the representative blockchain platforms, Ethereum has attracted lots of attacks. Due to the existed financial loss, there is a pressing need to perform timely investigation and detect more attack instances. Though multiple systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Lei Wu , Siwei Wu , Yajin Zhou , Runhuai Li , Zhi Wang , Xiapu Luo , Cong Wang , Kui Ren

Context: Smart contracts are computerized self-executing contracts that contain clauses, which are enforced once certain conditions are met. Smart contracts are immutable by design and cannot be modified once deployed, which ensures…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Ilham Qasse , Mohammad Hamdaqa , Björn Þór Jónsson

Ethereum smart contracts are public, immutable and distributed and, as such, they are prone to vulnerabilities sourcing from programming mistakes of developers. This paper presents SAFEVM, a verification tool for Ethereum smart contracts…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Elvira Albert , Jesús Correas , Pablo Gordillo , Guillermo Román-Díez , Albert Rubio

We present SOLAR, a new analysis tool for automatically detecting standard violation errors in Ethereum smart contracts.Given the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode of a smart contract and a user specified constraint or invariant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Ao Li , Fan Long

Smart contracts are blockchain-based algorithms that execute when specific criteria are satisfied. They are often used to automate the implementation of an agreement so that all parties may be confident of the conclusion right away, without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Harry Virani , Manthan Kyada

Smart contracts hold digital coins worth billions of dollars, their security issues have drawn extensive attention in the past years. Towards smart contract vulnerability detection, conventional methods heavily rely on fixed expert rules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Zhenguang Liu , Peng Qian , Xiang Wang , Lei Zhu , Qinming He , Shouling Ji

Smart contracts are the building blocks of the "code is law" paradigm: the smart contract's code indisputably describes how its assets are to be managed - once it is created, its code is typically immutable. Faulty smart contracts present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Pedro Antonino , Juliandson Ferreira , Augusto Sampaio , A. W. Roscoe

Smart contracts are nowadays at the core of most blockchain systems, as they specify and allow an agreement between entities that wish to perform a transaction. As any computer program, smart contracts are subject to the presence of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro