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Identifying the spectrum of the sum of two given Hermitian matrices with fixed eigenvalues is the famous Horn's problem.In this note, we investigate a variant of Horn's problem, i.e., we identify the probability density function (abbr. pdf)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-20 Lin Zhang , Hua Xiang

Horn's problem -- to find the support of the spectrum of eigenvalues of the sum $C=A+B$ of two $n$ by $n$ Hermitian matrices whose eigenvalues are known -- has been solved by Knutson and Tao. Here the probability distribution function (PDF)…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-09-13 Jean-Bernard Zuber

We review recent progress on Horn's problem, which asks for a description of the possible eigenspectra of the sum of two matrices with known eigenvalues. After revisiting the classical case, we consider several generalizations in which the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-01-29 Robert Coquereaux , Colin McSwiggen , Jean-Bernard Zuber

The problem of determining the set of possible eigenvalues of 3 Hermitian matrices that sum up to zero is known as the Horn problem. The answer is a polyhedral cone, which, following Knutson and Tao, can be described as the projection of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-07-04 Anton Alekseev , Masha Podkopaeva , Andras Szenes

Horn's problem was the following: given two Hermitian matrices with known spectra, what might be the eigenvalue spectrum of the sum? This linear algebra problem is exactly of the sort to be approached with the methods of modern Hamiltonian…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Allen Knutson

The multiplicative multiple Horn problem is asking to determine possible singular values of the combinations $AB, BC$ and $ABC$ for a triple of invertible matrices $A,B,C$ with given singular values. There are similar problems for…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-10 Anton Alekseev , Arkady Berenstein , Anfisa Gurenkova , Yanpeng Li

Let $\hat{\boldsymbol x}$ be a normalised standard complex Gaussian vector, and project an Hermitian matrix $A$ onto the hyperplane orthogonal to $\hat{\boldsymbol x}$. In a recent paper Faraut [Tunisian J. Math. \textbf{1} (2019),…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-06-03 Peter J. Forrester , Jiyuan Zhang

We characterize the relationship between the singular values of a complex Hermitian (resp., real symmetric, complex symmetric) matrix and the singular values of its off-diagonal block. We also characterize the eigenvalues of an Hermitian…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sergey Fomin , William Fulton , Chi-Kwong Li , Yiu-Tung Poon

In this paper, we give a symplectic proof of the Horn inequalities on eigenvalues of a sum of two Hermitian matrices with given spectra. Our method is a combination of tropical calculus for matrix eigenvalues, combinatorics of planar…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2014-10-14 Anton Alekseev , Masha Podkopaeva , Andras Szenes

A unified theory of orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable is presented through the eigenvalue problem of hermitian matrices of finite or infinite dimensions. It can be considered as a matrix version of exactly solvable Schr\"odinger…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2008-11-26 Satoru Odake , Ryu Sasaki

Horn's problem is concerned with characterizing the eigenvalues $(a,b,c)$ of Hermitian matrices $(A,B,C)$ satisfying the constraint $A+B=C$ and forming the edges of a triangle in the space of Hermitian matrices. It has deep connections to…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Anton Alekseev , Matthias Christandl , Thomas C. Fraser

We consider an extended version of Horn's problem: given two orbits $\mathcal{O}_\alpha$ and $\mathcal{O}_\beta$ of a linear representation of a compact Lie group, let $A\in \mathcal{O}_\alpha$, $B\in \mathcal{O}_\beta$ be independent and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Robert Coquereaux , Colin McSwiggen , Jean-Bernard Zuber

The randomised Horn problem, in both its additive and multiplicative version, has recently drawn increasing interest. Especially, closed analytical results have been found for the rank-1 perturbation of sums of Hermitian matrices and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-11-11 Jiyuan Zhang , Mario Kieburg , Peter J. Forrester

The Schur-Horn theorem is a well-known result that characterizes the relationship between the diagonal elements and eigenvalues of a symmetric (Hermitian) matrix. In this paper, we extend this theorem by exploring the eigenvalue…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Hengzhun Chen , Yingzhou Li

We discuss the eigenvalue problem for 3x3 octonionic Hermitian matrices which is relevant to the Jordan formulation of quantum mechanics. In contrast to the eigenvalue problems considered in our previous work, all eigenvalues are real and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tevian Dray , Corinne A. Manogue

We develop an efficient algorithm for sampling the eigenvalues of random matrices distributed according to the Haar measure over the orthogonal or unitary group. Our technique samples directly a factorization of the Hessenberg form of such…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-02-25 Massimiliano Fasi , Leonardo Robol

In this work, we study some convex cones associated to isotropic representations of symmetric spaces. We explain the inequalities that describe them by means of cohomological conditions. In particular, we study the singular Horn cone which…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2021-11-29 Paul-Emile Paradan

The Horn inequalities characterise the possible spectra of triples of $n$-by-$n$ Hermitian matrices $A+B=C$. We study integral inequalities that arise as limits of Horn inequalities as $n \to \infty$. These inequalities are parametrised by…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-02-27 Samuel G. G. Johnston , Colin McSwiggen

A. Horn's problem concerns find two self adjoint matrices A, B, so that A, B, and A+B have prescribed spectrum. In this paper, we show how it connects to an interpolation problem for two variable real zero polynomials and a tracial moment…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-11 Lei Cao , Hugo J. Woerdeman

This paper establishes new upper bounds for the right eigenvalues of monic matrix polynomials over the quaternion division algebra. The noncommutative nature of quaternion multiplication presents fundamental challenges in eigenvalue…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Ovaisa Jan , Idrees Qasim
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