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In this study, we developed an automated short answer grading (ASAG) model that provided both analytic scores and final holistic scores. Short answer items typically consist of multiple sub-questions, and providing an analytic score and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Su-Youn Yoon

AI-based code generation is increasingly prevalent, with GitHub Copilot estimated to generate 46% of the code on GitHub. Accurately evaluating how well generated code aligns with developer intent remains a critical challenge. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Marah Ghoummaid , Vladimir Tchuiev , Ofek Glick , Michal Moshkovitz , Dotan Di Castro

Safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) may benefit from a reliable method for assessing their generated content to determine when to abstain or to selectively generate. While likelihood-based metrics such as perplexity are widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jie Ren , Yao Zhao , Tu Vu , Peter J. Liu , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

In recent geospatial research, the importance of modeling large-scale human mobility data and predicting trajectories is rising, in parallel with progress in text generation using large-scale corpora in natural language processing. Whereas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Toru Shimizu , Kota Tsubouchi , Takahiro Yabe

With the surge of large language models (LLMs) and their ability to produce customized output, style-personalized text generation--"write like me"--has become a rapidly growing area of interest. However, style personalization is highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Anubhav Jangra , Bahareh Sarrafzadeh , Silviu Cucerzan , Adrian de Wynter , Sujay Kumar Jauhar

Humans can develop new theorems to explore broader and more complex mathematical results. While current generative language models (LMs) have achieved significant improvement in automatically proving theorems, their ability to generate new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xiaohan Lin , Qingxing Cao , Yinya Huang , Zhicheng Yang , Zhengying Liu , Zhenguo Li , Xiaodan Liang

The conventional paradigm of using large language models (LLMs) for natural language generation (NLG) evaluation relies on pre-defined task definitions and evaluation criteria, positioning LLMs as "passive critics" that strictly follow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shuying Xu , Junjie Hu , Ming Jiang

The rapid progress of generative artificial intelligence has exposed fundamental limitations in existing evaluation methodologies, particularly for open-ended, creative, and human-facing tasks. Traditional automatic metrics rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Marjan Veysi , Pirooz Shamsinejadbabaki , Mohammad Zare , Mohammad Sabouri

Automatic evaluation is an integral aspect of dialogue system research. The traditional reference-based NLG metrics are generally found to be unsuitable for dialogue assessment. Consequently, recent studies have suggested various unique,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Yiming Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li

We explore the need for more comprehensive and precise evaluation techniques for generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in text summarization tasks, specifically in the area of opinion summarization. Traditional methods, which leverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Leandro Anghinoni , Jorge Sanchez

Many automatic evaluation metrics have been proposed to score the overall quality of a response in open-domain dialogue. Generally, the overall quality is comprised of various aspects, such as relevancy, specificity, and empathy, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Vitou Phy , Yang Zhao , Akiko Aizawa

Digital technologies are increasingly used in education to reduce the workload of teachers and students. However, creating open-ended study or examination questions and grading their answers is still a tedious task. This thesis presents the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gérôme Meyer , Philip Breuer

Emerging research in Neural Question Generation (NQG) has started to integrate a larger variety of inputs, and generating questions requiring higher levels of cognition. These trends point to NQG as a bellwether for NLP, about how human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Liangming Pan , Wenqiang Lei , Tat-Seng Chua , Min-Yen Kan

Grading exams is an important, labor-intensive, subjective, repetitive, and frequently challenging task. The feasibility of autograding textual responses has greatly increased thanks to the availability of large language models (LLMs) such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Johannes Schneider , Bernd Schenk , Christina Niklaus

While large language models (LLMs) have been used for automated grading, they have not yet achieved the same level of performance as humans, especially when it comes to grading complex questions. Existing research on this topic focuses on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Wenjing Xie , Juxin Niu , Chun Jason Xue , Nan Guan

The GLEU metric was proposed for evaluating grammatical error corrections using n-gram overlap with a set of reference sentences, as opposed to precision/recall of specific annotated errors (Napoles et al., 2015). This paper describes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Courtney Napoles , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Matt Post , Joel Tetreault

Automatic question generation is an important problem in natural language processing. In this paper we propose a novel adaptive copying recurrent neural network model to tackle the problem of question generation from sentences and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Xinyuan Lu , Yuhong Guo

Quantifying bias in retrieval functions through document retrievability scores is vital for assessing recall-oriented retrieval systems. However, many studies investigating retrieval model bias lack validation of their query generation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Aman Sinha , Priyanshu Raj Mall , Dwaipayan Roy

Large language models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate, limiting their reliability in knowledge-intensive applications. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and conformal factuality have emerged as potential ways to address this limitation.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yi Chen , Daiwei Chen , Sukrut Madhav Chikodikar , Caitlyn Heqi Yin , Ramya Korlakai Vinayak

While the Question Generation (QG) task has been increasingly adopted in educational assessments, its evaluation remains limited by approaches that lack a clear connection to the educational values of test items. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Bang Nguyen , Tingting Du , Mengxia Yu , Lawrence Angrave , Meng Jiang