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Statistical analysis is often used to evaluate the evidence for or against scientific hypotheses, and various statistics (e.g., p-values, likelihood ratios, Bayes factors) are interpreted as measures of evidence strength. Here I consider…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2018-05-30 Veronica J. Vieland

Normalizing constant (also called partition function, Bayesian evidence, or marginal likelihood) is one of the central goals of Bayesian inference, yet most of the existing methods are both expensive and inaccurate. Here we develop a new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-09 He Jia , Uroš Seljak

Consider a testing problem for the null hypothesis $H_0:\theta\in\Theta_0$. The standard frequentist practice is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is smaller than a threshold value $\alpha$, usually 0.05. We ask the question…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Anirban DasGupta , Tonglin Zhang

In this paper, we focus on testing multivariate normality using the BHEP test with data that are missing completely at random. Our objective is twofold: first, to gain insight into the asymptotic behavior of BHEP test statistics under two…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-11 Danijel Aleksić , Bojana Milošević

The sample mean is often used to aggregate different unbiased estimates of a parameter, producing a final estimate that is unbiased but possibly high-variance. This paper introduces the Bayesian median of means, an aggregation rule that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-05 Paulo Orenstein

Research in Sports Sciences is supported often by inferences based on the declaration of the value of the statistic statistically significant or nonsignificant on the bases of a P value derived from a null-hypothesis test. Taking into…

Applications · Statistics 2018-02-09 Rui Marcelino , Bruno Natale Pasquarelli , Jaime Sampaio

Cluster analysis is a fundamental research issue in statistics and machine learning. In many modern clustering methods, we need to determine whether two subsets of samples come from the same cluster. Since these subsets are usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Xinying Liu , Lianyu Hu , Mudi Jiang , Simeng Zhang , Jun Lou , Zengyou He

Higher criticism, or second-level significance testing, is a multiple-comparisons concept mentioned in passing by Tukey. It concerns a situation where there are many independent tests of significance and one is interested in rejecting the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 David Donoho , Jiashun Jin

An exciting recent development is the uptake of deep neural networks in many scientific fields, where the main objective is outcome prediction with the black-box nature. Significance testing is promising to address the black-box issue and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Ben Dai , Xiaotong Shen , Wei Pan

Partial correlation coefficients are widely applied in the social sciences to evaluate the relationship between two variables after accounting for the influence of others. In this article, we present Bayes Factor Functions (BFFs) for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-16 Saptati Datta

Identifying a reasonably small Hilbert space that completely describes an unknown quantum state is crucial for efficient quantum information processing. We introduce a general dimension-certification protocol for both discrete and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-07 Y. S. Teo , H. Jeong , N. Prasannan , B. Brecht , C. Silberhorn , M. Evans , D. Mogilevtsev , L. L. Sanchez-Soto

Estimating the effective sample size (ESS) of a prior distribution is an age-old yet pivotal challenge, with great implications for clinical trials and various biomedical applications. Although numerous endeavors have been dedicated to this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-23 Han Wang , Yan Dora Zhang , Guosheng Yin

We consider the problem of comparing two Poisson parameters from the Bayesian perspective. Kawasaki and Miyaoka (2012b) proposed the Bayesian index $P(\lambda_1 < \lambda_2 | X_1,X_2)$ and expressed it using the hypergeometric series. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-07 Masaaki Doi

We introduce a novel approach to finite sample robustness that avoids the pessimism of traditional breakdown analyses. We define the threshold breakdown point, the smallest contamination fraction needed to induce a prescribed deviation, and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Tianjun Ke , Marco Avella Medina

We consider the hypothesis testing problem of detecting a shift between the means of two multivariate normal distributions in the high-dimensional setting, allowing for the data dimension p to exceed the sample size n. Specifically, we…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-09-15 Miles E. Lopes , Laurent J. Jacob , Martin J. Wainwright

Establishing the frequentist properties of Bayesian approaches widens their appeal and offers new understanding. In hypothesis testing, Bayesian model averaging addresses the problem that conclusions are sensitive to variable selection. But…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-12 Helen R. Fryer , Nicolas Arning , Daniel J. Wilson

In this paper, we propose a test procedure based on the LASSO methodology to test the global null hypothesis of no dependence between a response variable and $p$ predictors, where $n$ observations with $n < p$ are available. The proposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-01 Carsten Uhlig , Steffen Uhlig

Rejecting the null hypothesis in two-sample testing is a fundamental tool for scientific discovery. Yet, aside from concluding that two samples do not come from the same probability distribution, it is often of interest to characterize how…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-08 Boris Landa , Rihao Qu , Joseph Chang , Yuval Kluger

A new standard is proposed for the evidential assessment of replication studies. The approach combines a specific reverse-Bayes technique with prior-predictive tail probabilities to define replication success. The method gives rise to a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-08 Leonhard Held

High-dimensional mean vector testing problem for two or more groups remain a very active research area. In these setting, traditional tests are not applicable because they involve the inversion of rank deficient group covariance matrix. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-12 Roger S Zoh , Fangzheng Xie