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Task oriented language understanding in dialog systems is often modeled using intents (task of a query) and slots (parameters for that task). Intent detection and slot tagging are, in turn, modeled using sentence classification and word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Arash Einolghozati , Sonal Gupta , Mrinal Mohit , Rushin Shah

To effectively test parts of the Internet of Things (IoT) systems with a state machine character, Model-based Testing (MBT) approach can be taken. In MBT, a system model is created, and test cases are generated automatically from the model,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Vaclav Rechtberger , Miroslav Bures , Bestoun S. Ahmed

We study a novel language model architecture that is capable of scaling test-time computation by implicitly reasoning in latent space. Our model works by iterating a recurrent block, thereby unrolling to arbitrary depth at test-time. This…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various reasoning-intensive tasks. However, these models exhibit unexpected brittleness, often failing on simple variations of the same underlying task. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yutao Hou , Zeguan Xiao , Fei Yu , Yihan Jiang , Ma Shuguang , Zhaoqian Dai , Hailiang Huang , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Academic research in static analysis produces software implementations. These implementations are time-consuming to develop and some need to be maintained in order to enable building further research upon the implementation. While…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Raphaël Monat , Abdelraouf Ouadjaout , Antoine Miné

Benefits of static type systems are well-known: they offer guarantees that no type error will occur during runtime and, inherently, inferred types serve as documentation on how functions are called. On the other hand, many type systems have…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Isabel Wingen , Philipp Körner

Programmers typically organize executable source code using high-level coding patterns or idiomatic structures such as nested loops, exception handlers and recursive blocks, rather than as individual code tokens. In contrast, state of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Srinivasan Iyer , Alvin Cheung , Luke Zettlemoyer

Reliable evaluation of modern zero-shot text-to-speech (TTS) models remains challenging. Subjective tests are costly and hard to reproduce, while objective metrics often saturate, failing to distinguish SOTA systems. To address this, we…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Shengfan Shen , Di Wu , Xingchen Song , Dinghao Zhou , Liumeng Xue , Meng Meng , Jian Luan , Shuai Wang

We present a small, formal language for specifying the behavior of simple console I/O programs. The design is driven by the concrete application case of testing interactive Haskell programs written by students. Specifications are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Oliver Westphal , Janis Voigtländer

The size and complexity of software applications is increasing at an accelerating pace. Source code repositories (along with their dependencies) require vast amounts of labor to keep them tested, maintained, and up to date. As the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Ivan R. Ivanov , Joachim Meyer , Aiden Grossman , William S. Moses , Johannes Doerfert

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents show great promise in solving sequential decision-making tasks. However, validating the reliability and performance of the agent policies' behavior for deployment remains challenging. Most reinforcement…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jørn Eirik Betten , Quentin Mazouni , Dennis Gross , Pedro Lind , Helge Spieker

Creating agents that can interact naturally with humans is a common goal in artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, evaluating these interactions is challenging: collecting online human-agent interactions is slow and expensive, yet…

Due to the increasing complexity of distributed systems, security testing is becoming increasingly critical in insuring reliability of such systems in relation to their security requirements. . To challenge this issue, we rely in this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-10-22 Mohamed H. E. Aouadi , Khalifa Toumi , Ana Cavalli

A recent watermarking scheme for language models achieves distortion-free embedding and robustness to edit-distance attacks. However, it suffers from limited generation diversity and high detection overhead. In parallel, recent research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yangkun Wang , Jingbo Shang

Recent reasoning models, such as OpenAI's O1 series, have demonstrated exceptional performance on complex reasoning tasks and revealed new test-time scaling laws. Inspired by this, many people have been studying how to train models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Weizhe Chen , Sven Koenig , Bistra Dilkina

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate plausible test code. Intuitively they generate this by imitating tests seen in their training data, rather than reasoning about execution semantics. However, such reasoning is important when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Philipp Straubinger , Marvin Kreis , Stephan Lukasczyk , Gordon Fraser

Tool-augmented LLMs are increasingly deployed as agents that interleave natural-language reasoning with executable Python actions, as in CodeAct-style frameworks. In deployment, these agents rely on runtime state that persists across steps.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Victor May , Aaditya Salgarkar , Yishan Wang , Diganta Misra , Huu Nguyen

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance rapidly, reliable governance tools have become critical. Publicly verifiable watermarking is particularly essential for fostering a trustworthy AI ecosystem. A central challenge persists:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Shinwoo Park , Hyejin Park , Hyeseon An , Yo-Sub Han

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance, inspiring researchers to explore their use in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation and improving hardware design efficiency. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Xiao Xiao , Wenming Li , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan

Block-based programming languages enable young learners to quickly implement fun programs and games. The Scratch programming environment is particularly successful at this, with more than 50 million registered users at the time of this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Adina Deiner , Christoph Frädrich , Gordon Fraser , Sophia Geserer , Niklas Zantner