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Can a machine learn Machine Learning? This work trains a machine learning model to solve machine learning problems from a University undergraduate level course. We generate a new training set of questions and answers consisting of course…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Sunny Tran , Pranav Krishna , Ishan Pakuwal , Prabhakar Kafle , Nikhil Singh , Jayson Lynch , Iddo Drori

The difficulty of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) is a crucial factor for educational assessments. Predicting MCQ difficulty is challenging since it requires understanding both the complexity of reaching the correct option and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Wanyong Feng , Peter Tran , Stephen Sireci , Andrew Lan

Fully comprehending scientific papers by machines reflects a high level of Artificial General Intelligence, requiring the ability to reason across fragmented and heterogeneous sources of information, presenting a complex and practically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yang Tian , Zheng Lu , Mingqi Gao , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao

In this paper, we investigate which questions are challenging for retrieval-based Question Answering (QA). We (i) propose retrieval complexity (RC), a novel metric conditioned on the completeness of retrieved documents, which measures the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Matteo Gabburo , Nicolaas Paul Jedema , Siddhant Garg , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Alessandro Moschitti

Reading comprehension continues to be a crucial research focus in the NLP community. Recent advances in Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) have mostly centered on literal comprehension, referring to the surface-level understanding of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yigeng Zhang , Fabio A. González , Thamar Solorio

Language interpretation is a compositional process, in which the meaning of more complex linguistic structures is inferred from the meaning of their parts. Large language models possess remarkable language interpretation capabilities and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 David Maria Schmidt , Raoul Schubert , Philipp Cimiano

Conversational machine reading comprehension (CMRC) aims to assist computers to understand an natural language text and thereafter engage in a multi-turn conversation to answer questions related to the text. Existing methods typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Xiao Zhang , Heyan Huang , Zewen Chi , Xian-Ling Mao

Mathematical understanding and reasoning are crucial tasks for assessing the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI). However, existing benchmarks either require just a few steps of reasoning, or only contain a small amount of data in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Haoyi Wu , Wenyang Hui , Yezeng Chen , Weiqi Wu , Kewei Tu , Yi Zhou

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a foundational cross-modal task that evaluates the interplay of language understanding, image comprehension, and language-to-image grounding. It serves as an essential testing ground for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xuzheng Yang , Junzhuo Liu , Peng Wang , Guoqing Wang , Yang Yang , Heng Tao Shen

Inductive reasoning is a core problem-solving capacity: humans can identify underlying principles from a few examples, which robustly generalize to novel scenarios. Recent work evaluates large language models (LLMs) on inductive reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ruocheng Wang , Eric Zelikman , Gabriel Poesia , Yewen Pu , Nick Haber , Noah D. Goodman

Very large commonsense knowledge bases (KBs) often have thousands to millions of axioms, of which relatively few are relevant for answering any given query. A large number of irrelevant axioms can easily overwhelm resolution-based theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-03-15 Abhishek Sharma , Michael Witbrock , Keith Goolsbey

A large number of reading comprehension (RC) datasets has been created recently, but little analysis has been done on whether they generalize to one another, and the extent to which existing datasets can be leveraged for improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Alon Talmor , Jonathan Berant

Answering complex questions that require making latent decisions is a challenging task, especially when limited supervision is available. Recent works leverage the capabilities of large language models (LMs) to perform complex question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Dheeru Dua , Shivanshu Gupta , Sameer Singh , Matt Gardner

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) aims to extract answers to questions given a passage. It has been widely studied recently, especially in open domains. However, few efforts have been made on closed-domain MRC, mainly due to the lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Taolin Zhang , Chengyu Wang , Minghui Qiu , Bite Yang , Xiaofeng He , Jun Huang

We propose DuoRC, a novel dataset for Reading Comprehension (RC) that motivates several new challenges for neural approaches in language understanding beyond those offered by existing RC datasets. DuoRC contains 186,089 unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Amrita Saha , Rahul Aralikatte , Mitesh M. Khapra , Karthik Sankaranarayanan

Despite the success of large pre-trained language models (LMs) such as Codex, they show below-par performance on the larger and more complicated programming related questions. We show that LMs benefit from the summarized version of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Kirby Kuznia , Swaroop Mishra , Mihir Parmar , Chitta Baral

One long-term goal of machine learning research is to produce methods that are applicable to reasoning and natural language, in particular building an intelligent dialogue agent. To measure progress towards that goal, we argue for the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-01-01 Jason Weston , Antoine Bordes , Sumit Chopra , Alexander M. Rush , Bart van Merriënboer , Armand Joulin , Tomas Mikolov

Neural models have achieved great success on machine reading comprehension (MRC), many of which typically consist of two components: an evidence extractor and an answer predictor. The former seeks the most relevant information from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Yilin Niu , Fangkai Jiao , Mantong Zhou , Ting Yao , Jingfang Xu , Minlie Huang

Interpretability is a pressing issue for machine learning. Common approaches to interpretable machine learning constrain interactions between features of the input, rendering the effects of those features on a model's output comprehensible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Kieran A. Murphy , Dani S. Bassett

We present a Chinese judicial reading comprehension (CJRC) dataset which contains approximately 10K documents and almost 50K questions with answers. The documents come from judgment documents and the questions are annotated by law experts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-21 Xingyi Duan , Baoxin Wang , Ziyue Wang , Wentao Ma , Yiming Cui , Dayong Wu , Shijin Wang , Ting Liu , Tianxiang Huo , Zhen Hu , Heng Wang , Zhiyuan Liu