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This paper explores the quantum and classical descriptions of gravitational wave detection in interferometers like LIGO. We demonstrate that a graviton scattering and quantum optics model succeeds in explaining the observed arm…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-08 John W. Moffat

Using a quantum mechanical approach, we show that in a gravitational-wave interferometer composed of arm cavities and a signal recycling cavity, e.g., the LIGO-II configuration, the radiation-pressure force acting on the mirrors not only…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 Alessandra Buonanno , Yanbei Chen

Gravitational waves have predominantly been detected using interferometric techniques, with standard approaches limited to 10 kHz and with modern advancements extending this bound to 300 kHz. To explore the largely uncharted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-01 Eduard Atonga , Ramy Aboushelbaya , Peter A. Norreys

We derive a lower bound on the sensitivity of generic mechanical and electromagnetic gravitational wave detectors. We consider both classical and quantum detection schemes, although we focus on the former. Our results allow for a simple…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-17 Raffaele Tito D'Agnolo , Sebastian A. R. Ellis

Dyson (2013) argued that the extraordinarily large number of gravitons in a gravitational wave makes them impossible to be resolved as individual particles. While true, it is shown in this paper that a LIGO interferometric detector also…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-10-17 Richard Lieu

Gravitational wave emission is expected to arise from a variety of astrophysical phenomena. A new generation of detectors with sensitivity consistent with expectation from such sources is being developed. The Laser Interferometer…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Barry C. Barish

We discuss the quantum mechanical description of a gravitational wave interacting with a cavity electromagnetic field. Quantum fluctuations of the gravitational vacuum induce squeezing in the optical field. Moreover, this squeezing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-19 Thiago Guerreiro

The goal of the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is to detect and study gravitational waves of astrophysical origin. Direct detection of gravitational waves holds the promise of testing general relativity in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-09-29 The LIGO Scientific Collaboration , B. Abbott

Quantum fluctuations in the phase and amplitude quadratures of light set limitations on the sensitivity of modern optical instruments. The sensitivity of the interferometric gravitational wave detectors, such as the Advanced Laser…

Optics · Physics 2017-04-26 D. V. Martynov , V. V. Frolov , S. Kandhasamy , K. Izumi , H. Miao , N. Mavalvala , E. D. Hall , R. Lanza , B. P. Abbott , R. Abbott , T. D. Abbott , C. Adams , R. X. Adhikari , S. B. Anderson , A. Ananyeva , S. Appert , K. Arai , S. M. Aston , S. W. Ballmer , D. Barker , B. Barr , L. Barsotti , J. Bartlett , I. Bartos , J. C. Batch , A. S. Bell , J. Betzwieser , G. Billingsley , J. Birch , S. Biscans , C. Biwer , C. D. Blair , R. Bork , A. F. Brooks , G. Ciani , F. Clara , S. T. Countryman , M. J. Cowart , D. C. Coyne , A. Cumming , L. Cunningham , K. Danzmann , C. F. Da Silva Costa , E. J. Daw , D. DeBra , R. T. DeRosa , R. DeSalvo , K. L. Dooley , S. Doravari , J. C. Driggers , S. E. Dwyer , A. Effler , T. Etzel , M. Evans , T. M. Evans , M. Factourovich , H. Fair , A. Fernández Galiana , R. P. Fisher , P. Fritschel , P. Fulda , M. Fyffe , J. A. Giaime , K. D. Giardina , E. Goetz , R. Goetz , S. Gras , C. Gray , H. Grote , K. E. Gushwa , E. K. Gustafson , R. Gustafson , G. Hammond , J. Hanks , J. Hanson , T. Hardwick , G. M. Harry , M. C. Heintze , A. W. Heptonstall , J. Hough , R. Jones , S. Karki , M. Kasprzack , S. Kaufer , K. Kawabe , N. Kijbunchoo , E. J. King , P. J. King , J. S. Kissel , W. Z. Korth , G. Kuehn , M. Landry , B. Lantz , N. A. Lockerbie , M. Lormand , A. P. Lundgren , M. MacInnis , D. M. Macleod , S. Márka , Z. Márka , A. S. Markosyan , E. Maros , I. W. Martin , K. Mason , T. J. Massinger , F. Matichard , R. McCarthy , D. E. McClelland , S. McCormick , G. McIntyre , J. McIver , G. Mendell , E. L. Merilh , P. M. Meyers , J. Miller , R. Mittleman , G. Moreno , G. Mueller , A. Mullavey , J. Munch , L. K. Nuttall , J. Oberling , P. Oppermann , Richard J. Oram , B. O'Reilly , D. J. Ottaway , H. Overmier , J. R. Palamos , H. R. Paris , W. Parker , A. Pele , S. Penn , M. Phelps , V. Pierro , I. Pinto , M. Principe , L. G. Prokhorov , O. Puncken , V. Quetschke , E. A. Quintero , F. J. Raab , H. Radkins , P. Raffai , S. Reid , D. H. Reitze , N. A. Robertson , J. G. Rollins , V. J. Roma , J. H. Romie , S. Rowan , K. Ryan , T. Sadecki , E. J. Sanchez , V. Sandberg , R. L. Savage , R. M. S. Schofield , D. Sellers , D. A. Shaddock , T. J. Shaffer , B. Shapiro , P. Shawhan , D. H. Shoemaker , D. Sigg , B. J. J. Slagmolen , B. Smith , J. R. Smith , B. Sorazu , A. Staley , K. A. Strain , D. B. Tanner , R. Taylor , M. Thomas , P. Thomas , K. A. Thorne , E. Thrane , C. I. Torrie , G. Traylor , G. Vajente , G. Valdes , A. A. van Veggel , A. Vecchio , P. J. Veitch , K. Venkateswara , T. Vo , C. Vorvick , M. Walker , R. L. Ward , J. Warner , B. Weaver , R. Weiss , P. Weßels , B. Willke , C. C. Wipf , J. Worden , G. Wu , H. Yamamoto , C. C. Yancey , Hang Yu , Haocun Yu , L. Zhang , M. E. Zucker , J. Zweizig

Gravitational radiation from known astrophysical sources is conventionally treated classically. This treatment corresponds, implicitly, to the hypothesis that a particular class of quantum-mechanical states -- the so-called coherent states…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-19 Sreenath K. Manikandan , Frank Wilczek

A dynamical, non-Euclidean spacetime geometry in general relativity theory implies the possibility of gravitational radiation. Here we explore novel methods of detecting such radiation from astrophysical sources by means of matter-wave…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Raymond Y. Chiao , Achilles D. Speliotopoulos

Gravitational Wave interferometers achieve their profound sensitivity by combining a Michelson interferometer with optical cavities, suspended masses, and now, squeezed quantum states of light. These states modify the measurement process of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-09-22 L. McCuller , S. E. Dwyer , A. C. Green , Haocun Yu , L. Barsotti , C. D. Blair , D. D. Brown , A. Effler , M. Evans , A. Fernandez-Galiana , P. Fritschel , V. V. Frolov , N. Kijbunchoo , G. L. Mansell , F. Matichard , N. Mavalvala , D. E. McClelland , T. McRae , A. Mullavey , D. Sigg , B. J. J. Slagmolen , M. Tse , T. Vo , R. L. Ward , C. Whittle , R. Abbott , C. Adams , R. X. Adhikari , A. Ananyeva , S. Appert , K. Arai , J. S. Areeda , Y. Asali , 0 S. M. Aston , C. Austin , A. M. Baer , M. Ball , S. W. Ballmer , S. Banagiri , D. Barker , J. Bartlett , B. K. Berger , J. Betzwieser , D. Bhattacharjee , G. Billingsley , S. Biscans , R. M. Blair , N. Bode , P. Booker , R. Bork , A. Bramley , A. F. Brooks , A. Buikema , C. Cahillane , K. C. Cannon , X. Chen , 0 A. A. Ciobanu , F. Clara , C. M. Compton , S. J. Cooper , K. R. Corley , 0 S. T. Countryman , 0 P. B. Covas , D. C. Coyne , L. E. H. Datrier , D. Davis , C. Di Fronzo , K. L. Dooley , J. C. Driggers , T. Etzel , T. M. Evans , J. Feicht , P. Fulda , M. Fyffe , J. A. Giaime , K. D. Giardina , P. Godwin , E. Goetz , S. Gras , C. Gray , R. Gray , E. K. Gustafson , R. Gustafson , J. Hanks , J. Hanson , T. Hardwick , R. K. Hasskew , M. C. Heintze , A. F. Helmling-Cornell , N. A. Holland , J. D. Jones , S. Kandhasamy , S. Karki , M. Kasprzack , K. Kawabe , P. J. King , J. S. Kissel , Rahul Kumar , M. Landry , B. B. Lane , B. Lantz , M. Laxen , Y. K. Lecoeuche , J. Leviton , J. Liu , M. Lormand , A. P. Lundgren , 0 R. Macas , M. MacInnis , D. M. Macleod , S. Marka , 0 Z. Marka , 0 D. V. Martynov , K. Mason , T. J. Massinger , R. McCarthy , S. McCormick , J. McIver , G. Mendell , K. Merfeld , E. L. Merilh , F. Meylahn , T. Mistry , R. Mittleman , G. Moreno , C. M. Mow-Lowry , S. Mozzon , 0 T. J. N. Nelson , P. Nguyen , L. K. Nuttall , 0 J. Oberling , Richard J. Oram , C. Osthelder , D. J. Ottaway , H. Overmier , J. R. Palamos , W. Parker , E. Payne , A. Pele , R. Penhorwood , C. J. Perez , M. Pirello , H. Radkins , K. E. Ramirez , J. W. Richardson , K. Riles , N. A. Robertson , J. G. Rollins , C. L. Romel , J. H. Romie , M. P. Ross , K. Ryan , T. Sadecki , E. J. Sanchez , L. E. Sanchez , T. R. Saravanan , R. L. Savage , D. Schaetzl , R. Schnabel , R. M. S. Schofield , E. Schwartz , D. Sellers , T. Shaffer , J. R. Smith , S. Soni , B. Sorazu , A. P. Spencer , K. A. Strain , L. Sun , M. J. Szczepanczyk , M. Thomas , P. Thomas , K. A. Thorne , K. Toland , C. I. Torrie , G. Traylor , A. L. Urban , G. Vajente , G. Valdes , D. C. Vander-Hyde , P. J. Veitch , K. Venkateswara , G. Venugopalan , A. D. Viets , C. Vorvick , M. Wade , J. Warner , B. Weaver , R. Weiss , B. Willke , C. C. Wipf , L. Xiao , H. Yamamoto , Hang Yu , L. Zhang , M. E. Zucker , J. Zweizig

We show that a recent claim that matter wave interferometers have a much higher sensitivity than laser interferometers for a comparable physical setup is unfounded. We point out where the mistake in the earlier analysis is made. We also…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-29 Albert Roura , Dieter R. Brill , B. L. Hu , Charles W. Misner , William D. Phillips

By utilizing quantum optics techniques, we examine the characteristics of a quantum gravitational wave (GW) signature at interferometers. In particular, we study the problem by analyzing the equations of motion of a GW interacting with an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-28 Luca Abrahao , Francesco Coradeschi , Antonia Micol Frassino , Thiago Guerreiro , Jennifer Rittenhouse West , Enrico Junior Schioppa

In the last decade, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the European Virgo observatory have opened a new observational window on the universe. These cavity-enhanced laser interferometers sense spacetime…

The effective quantum field theory description of gravity, despite its non-renormalizability, allows for predictions beyond classical general relativity. As we enter the age of gravitational wave astronomy, an important and timely question…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-21 Thiago Guerreiro , Francesco Coradeschi , Antonia Micol Frassino , Jennifer Rittenhouse West , Enrico Junior Schioppa

Optomechanical interaction can be a platform for converting quantum optical sates at different frequencies. In this work, we propose to combine the idea of optomechanical frequency conversion and the dual-use of laser interferometer, for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-04 Yiqiu Ma , Feng-Li Lin , Haixing Miao , Chunnong Zhao , Yanbei Chen

Recent proposals are emerging for the experimental detection of entanglement mediated by classical gravity, carrying significant theoretical and observational implications. In fact, the detection of gravitational waves (GWs) in LIGO…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-07 Partha Nandi , Bibhas Ranjan Majhi , Nandita Debnath , Subhajit Kala

Quantum fluctuation of light limits the sensitivity of advanced laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. It is one of the principal obstacles on the way towards the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories. The envisioned…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-08 Stefan L. Danilishin , Farid Ya. Khalili , Haixing Miao

The fast progress in improving the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, we all have witnessed in the recent years, has propelled the scientific community to the point, when quantum behaviour of such immense measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Stefan L. Danilishin , Farid Ya. Khalili
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