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This paper is a contribution to the Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC) 2021 shared task. Social media today is a hotbed of toxic and hateful conversations, in various languages. Recent news…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Mehar Bhatia , Tenzin Singhay Bhotia , Akshat Agarwal , Prakash Ramesh , Shubham Gupta , Kumar Shridhar , Felix Laumann , Ayushman Dash

Despite the widespread adoption, there is a lack of research into how various critical aspects of pretrained language models (PLMs) affect their performance in hate speech detection. Through five research questions, our findings and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Sarah Masud , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Vikram Goyal , Md Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Hate speech is a specific type of controversial content that is widely legislated as a crime that must be identified and blocked. However, due to the sheer volume and velocity of the Twitter data stream, hate speech detection cannot be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Moin Khan , Khurram Shahzad , Kamran Malik

Given the black-box nature and complexity of large transformer language models (LM), concerns about generalizability and robustness present ethical implications for domains such as hate speech (HS) detection. Using the content rich Social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jennifer L. Chen , Faisal Ladhak , Daniel Li , Noémie Elhadad

Content moderation faces a challenging task as social media's ability to spread hate speech contrasts with its role in promoting global connectivity. With rapidly evolving slang and hate speech, the adaptability of conventional deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Paras Sheth , Tharindu Kumarage , Raha Moraffah , Aman Chadha , Huan Liu

Automatic hate speech detection using deep neural models is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasets, leading to poor generalization. To mitigate this problem, generative AI has been utilized to generate large amounts of synthetic hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Sagi Pendzel , Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Hate speech remains prevalent in human society and continues to evolve in its forms and expressions. Modern advancements in internet and online anonymity accelerate its rapid spread and complicate its detection. However, hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yejin Lee , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han

Social media platforms are critical spaces for public discourse, shaping opinions and community dynamics, yet their widespread use has amplified harmful content, particularly hate speech, threatening online safety and inclusivity. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Ahmad , M. Shahiki Tash , Irina Gelbukh , Rolando Quintero Tellez , Grigori Sidorov

Hate speech has grown significantly on social media, causing serious consequences for victims of all demographics. Despite much attention being paid to characterize and detect discriminatory speech, most work has focused on explicit or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Mai ElSherief , Caleb Ziems , David Muchlinski , Vaishnavi Anupindi , Jordyn Seybolt , Munmun De Choudhury , Diyi Yang

The detection of offensive, hateful and profane language has become a critical challenge since many users in social networks are exposed to cyberbullying activities on a daily basis. In this paper, we present an analysis of combining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Sherzod Hakimov , Ralph Ewerth

Hateful comments are prevalent on social media platforms. Although tools for automatically detecting, flagging, and blocking such false, offensive, and harmful content online have lately matured, such reactive and brute force methods alone…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Sougata Saha , Rohini Srihari

Sentiment analysis focuses on identifying the emotional polarity expressed in textual data, typically categorized as positive, negative, or neutral. Hate speech detection, on the other hand, aims to recognize content that incites violence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Meysam Shirdel Bilehsavar , Negin Mahmoudi , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Kiana Kiashemshaki

Hate speech detection within a cross-lingual setting represents a paramount area of interest for all medium and large-scale online platforms. Failing to properly address this issue on a global scale has already led over time to morally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Teodor Tiţa , Arkaitz Zubiaga

In recent years, social media platforms have hosted an explosion of hate speech and objectionable content. The urgent need for effective automatic hate speech detection models have drawn remarkable investment from companies and researchers.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Sayyed M. Zahiri , Ali Ahmadvand

Hate speech is plaguing the cyberspace along with user-generated content. This paper investigates the role of conversational context in the annotation and detection of online hate and counter speech, where context is defined as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Xinchen Yu , Eduardo Blanco , Lingzi Hong

Social media has become a bedrock for people to voice their opinions worldwide. Due to the greater sense of freedom with the anonymity feature, it is possible to disregard social etiquette online and attack others without facing severe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Arushi Sharma , Anubha Kabra , Minni Jain

Real-world natural language processing systems need to be robust to human adversaries. Collecting examples of human adversaries for training is an effective but expensive solution. On the other hand, training on synthetic attacks with small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Aradhana Sinha , Ananth Balashankar , Ahmad Beirami , Thi Avrahami , Jilin Chen , Alex Beutel

The growing use of social media has led to the development of several Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing(NLP) tools to process the unprecedented amount of social media content to make actionable decisions. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Izzat Alsmadi , Kashif Ahmad , Mahmoud Nazzal , Firoj Alam , Ala Al-Fuqaha , Abdallah Khreishah , Abdulelah Algosaibi

Hate speech, offensive language, sexism, racism and other types of abusive behavior have become a common phenomenon in many online social media platforms. In recent years, such diverse abusive behaviors have been manifesting with increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Antigoni-Maria Founta , Despoina Chatzakou , Nicolas Kourtellis , Jeremy Blackburn , Athena Vakali , Ilias Leontiadis

The task of perspective-aware classification introduces a bottleneck in terms of parametric efficiency that did not get enough recognition in existing studies. In this article, we aim to address this issue by applying an existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Daniil Ignatev , Denis Paperno , Massimo Poesio