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Tie-breaker experimental designs are hybrids of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and Regression Discontinuity Designs (RDDs) in which subjects with moderate scores are placed in an RCT while subjects with extreme scores are…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-24 Dan M. Kluger , Art B. Owen

In a tie-breaker design (TBD), subjects with high values of a running variable are given some (usually desirable) treatment, subjects with low values are not, and subjects in the middle are randomized. TBDs are intermediate between…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-12 Tim P. Morrison , Art B. Owen

The Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is a quasi-experimental design which emulates a randomised study by exploiting situations where treatment is assigned according to a continuous variable as is common in many drug treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-28 Sara Geneletti , Federico Ricciardi , Aidan O'Keeffe , Gianluca Baio

This note introduces a doubly robust (DR) estimator for regression discontinuity (RD) designs. RD designs provide a quasi-experimental framework for estimating treatment effects, where treatment assignment depends on whether a running…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-28 Masahiro Kato

The regression discontinuity (RD) design is widely used for program evaluation with observational data. The primary focus of the existing literature has been the estimation of the local average treatment effect at the existing treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-05 Yi Zhang , Eli Ben-Michael , Kosuke Imai

Tie-breaker designs trade off a statistical design objective with short-term gain from preferentially assigning a binary treatment to those with high values of a running variable $x$. The design objective is any continuous function of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-20 Harrison H. Li , Art B. Owen

We study the econometric properties of so-called donut regression discontinuity (RD) designs, a robustness exercise which involves repeating estimation and inference without the data points in some area around the treatment threshold. This…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-29 Cladia Noack , Chistoph Rothe

The Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is one of the most widely used non-experimental methods for causal inference and program evaluation. Over the last two decades, statistical and econometric methods for RD analysis have expanded and…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-02-25 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik

The Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental design that estimates the causal effect of a treatment when its assignment is defined by a threshold value for a continuous assignment variable. The RDD assumes that subjects…

Applications · Statistics 2020-03-27 Federico Ricciardi , Silvia Liverani , Gianluca Baio

Quasi-experimental evaluations are central for generating real-world causal evidence and complementing insights from randomized trials. The regression discontinuity design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental design that can be used to estimate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-07 Maximilian Schuessler , Erik Sverdrup , Robert Tibshirani , Stefan Wager

The regression discontinuity design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental design that can be used to identify and estimate the causal effect of a treatment using observational data. In an RDD, a pre-specified rule is used for treatment assignment,…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-05 Panayiota Constantinou , Aidan G. O'Keeffe

This article introduces Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) with Distribution-Valued Outcomes (R3D), extending the standard RDD framework to settings where the outcome is a distribution rather than a scalar. Such settings arise when…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-08 David Van Dijcke

Multiple randomization designs (MRDs) are a class of experimental designs used to handle interference in two-sided marketplaces. We investigate regression adjustment strategies for estimating total, spillover, and direct effects in MRDs. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-23 Timothy Sudijono , Lihua Lei , Lorenzo Masoero , Suhas Vijaykumar , Guido Imbens , James McQueen

The increasing popularity of regression discontinuity methods for causal inference in observational studies has led to a proliferation of different estimating strategies, most of which involve first fitting non-parametric regression models…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-11 Guido Imbens , Stefan Wager

RDD (Regression discontinuity design) is a widely used framework for identifying and estimating causal effects at the cutoff of a single running variable. In practice, however, decision-making often involves multiple thresholds and…

This paper studies the case of possibly high-dimensional covariates in the regression discontinuity design (RDD) analysis. In particular, we propose estimation and inference methods for the RDD models with covariate selection which perform…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-21 Yoichi Arai , Taisuke Otsu , Myung Hwan Seo

Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are a popular approach to estimating a treatment effect of cutoff-based interventions. Two current estimation approaches dominate the literature. One fits separate regressions on either side of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-10 Daryl Swartzentruber , Eloise Kaizar

Regression discontinuity design (RDD) is widely adopted for causal inference under intervention determined by a continuous variable. While one is interested in treatment effect heterogeneity by subgroups in many applications, RDD typically…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-11 Shonosuke Sugasawa , Takuya Ishihara , Daisuke Kurisu

We consider the following comparative effectiveness scenario. There are two treatments for a particular medical condition: a randomized experiment has demonstrated mediocre effectiveness for the first treatment, while a non-randomized study…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-23 Brian Knaeble , Erich Kummerfeld

Unit testing is one of the most established quality-assurance techniques for software development. One major advantage of unit testing is the adjustable trade-off between efficiency (i.e., testing effort) and effectiveness (i.e.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Sebastian Ruland , Malte Lochau
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