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Related papers: Backpropagation and Biological Plausibility

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Backpropagation is a cornerstone algorithm in training neural networks for supervised learning, which uses a gradient descent method to update network weights by minimizing the discrepancy between actual and desired outputs. Despite its…

Backpropagation is the foundational algorithm for training neural networks and a key driver of deep learning's success. However, its biological plausibility has been challenged due to three primary limitations: weight symmetry, reliance on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Changze Lv , Jingwen Xu , Yiyang Lu , Xiaohua Wang , Zhenghua Wang , Zhibo Xu , Di Yu , Xin Du , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

The Backpropagation algorithm relies on the abstraction of using a neural model that gets rid of the notion of time, since the input is mapped instantaneously to the output. In this paper, we claim that this abstraction of ignoring time,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Alessandro Betti , Marco Gori

Large multilayer neural networks trained with backpropagation have recently achieved state-of-the-art results in a wide range of problems. However, using backprop for neural net learning still has some disadvantages, e.g., having to tune a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-07-16 José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Ryan P. Adams

Deep learning has redefined the field of artificial intelligence (AI) thanks to the rise of artificial neural networks, which are architectures inspired by their neurological counterpart in the brain. Through the years, this dualism between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz , Zhenghua Xu

The backpropagation algorithm is an invaluable tool for training artificial neural networks; however, because of a weight sharing requirement, it does not provide a plausible model of brain function. Here, in the context of a two-layer…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Siavash Golkar , David Lipshutz , Yanis Bahroun , Anirvan M. Sengupta , Dmitri B. Chklovskii

The back-propagation (BP) algorithm has been considered the de-facto method for training deep neural networks. It back-propagates errors from the output layer to the hidden layers in an exact manner using the transpose of the feedforward…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Hongyin Luo , Jie Fu , James Glass

Backpropagation (BP) is a core component of the contemporary deep learning incarnation of neural networks. Briefly, BP is an algorithm that exploits the computational architecture of neural networks to efficiently evaluate the gradient of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-21 Dirk Ostwald , Franziska Usée

The backpropagation (BP) algorithm is often thought to be biologically implausible in the brain. One of the main reasons is that BP requires symmetric weight matrices in the feedforward and feedback pathways. To address this "weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Will Xiao , Honglin Chen , Qianli Liao , Tomaso Poggio

Over the last four decades, the amazing success of deep learning has been driven by the use of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) as the main optimization technique. The default implementation for the computation of the gradient for SGD is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Qianli Liao , Liu Ziyin , Yulu Gan , Brian Cheung , Mark Harnett , Tomaso Poggio

Backward propagation of errors (backpropagation) is a method to minimize objective functions (e.g., loss functions) of deep neural networks by identifying optimal sets of weights and biases. Imposing constraints on weight precision is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Guhyun Kim , Doo Seok Jeong

Backpropagation (BP) is the standard algorithm for training the deep neural networks that power modern artificial intelligence including large language models. However, BP is energy inefficient and unlikely to be implemented by the brain.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Francesco Innocenti

Back-propagation is a popular machine learning algorithm that uses gradient descent in training neural networks for supervised learning, but can be very slow. A number of algorithms have been developed to speed up convergence and improve…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Ho Ling Li

Predictive coding networks (PCNs) are an influential model for information processing in the brain. They have appealing theoretical interpretations and offer a single mechanism that accounts for diverse perceptual phenomena of the brain. On…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz , Zhenghua Xu

Bio-inspired learning has been gaining popularity recently given that Backpropagation (BP) is not considered biologically plausible. Many algorithms have been proposed in the literature which are all more biologically plausible than BP.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Manas Gupta , Sarthak Ketanbhai Modi , Hang Zhang , Joon Hei Lee , Joo Hwee Lim

In this paper we study a constraint-based representation of neural network architectures. We cast the learning problem in the Lagrangian framework and we investigate a simple optimization procedure that is well suited to fulfil the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Giuseppe Marra , Matteo Tiezzi , Stefano Melacci , Alessandro Betti , Marco Maggini , Marco Gori

Backpropagation (BP) has been pivotal in advancing machine learning and remains essential in computational applications and comparative studies of biological and artificial neural networks. Despite its widespread use, the implementation of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-15 Xinhao Fan , Shreesh P Mysore

The backpropagation algorithm is often debated for its biological plausibility. However, various learning methods for neural architecture have been proposed in search of more biologically plausible learning. Most of them have tried to solve…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Shashi Kant Gupta

The artificial neural network is a popular framework in machine learning. To empower individual neurons, we recently suggested that the current type of neurons could be upgraded to 2nd order counterparts, in which the linear operation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Fenglei Fan , Wenxiang Cong , Ge Wang

Backpropagation of error (backprop) is a powerful algorithm for training machine learning architectures through end-to-end differentiation. However, backprop is often criticised for lacking biological plausibility. Recently, it has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Beren Millidge , Alexander Tschantz , Christopher L. Buckley
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