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The structure of the proton remains a significant challenge within the field of Quantum Chromodynamics, with the origin of its spin and mass still lacking a satisfactory explanation. In this study, we utilize the gravitational form factor…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-09-22 Wei Kou , Xurong Chen

A potential explanation [U.~D.~Jentschura, Phys.\ Rev.\ A {\bf 88}, 062514 (2013)] of the proton radius puzzle originating from the non-perturbative lepton-pair content of the proton is studied. Well-defined quantities that depend on this…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-27 Gerald A. Miller

The shape of the electron is studied using lowest-order perturbation theory. Quantities used to probe the structure of the proton: form factors, generalized parton distributions, transverse densities, Wigner distributions and the angular…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-12-10 Gerald A. Miller

In a series of recent publications, different authors produce a wide range of electron radii when reanalyzing electron proton scattering data. In the light of the proton radius puzzle, this is a most unfortunate situation. However, we find…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-06-08 Jan C. Bernauer , Michael O. Distler

We investigate an empirical Bayesian nonparametric approach to a family of linear inverse problems with Gaussian prior and Gaussian noise. We consider a class of Gaussian prior probability measures with covariance operator indexed by a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Junxiong Jia , Jigen Peng , Jinghuai Gao

I review recent results regarding the nucleon charge and magnetization densities as well as the shape of the nucleon. First, some phenomenolgical considerations that show that the shape of the proton is not round are discussed. Then model…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-02-19 Gerald A Miller

Forthcoming fixed-target coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments aim at measurements with $\cal{O}(\text{tonne})$-scale detectors and substantially reduced systematic and statistical uncertainties. With such high quality…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-08-30 D. Aristizabal Sierra

The result of a recent measurement of the size of the proton [R. Pohl et al., Nature 466, 213] performed on the base of the muonic hydrogen spectroscopy turned out to be significantly different, by five standard deviations, from the results…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-22 Renat Kh. Gainutdinov

Protons are bound states of the strong interaction governed by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Its charge radius ($r_{E}^{p}$) is an important quantity as it characterizes the spatial distribution of the proton's charge, which is carried by…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-04-18 Weizhi Xiong , Chao Peng

In this work, a refined Bayesian neural network (BNN) based approach with six inputs including the proton number, mass number, and engineered features associated with the pairing effect, shell effect, isospin effect, and ``abnormal" shape…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-02-15 Xiao-Xu Dong , Rong An , Jun-Xu Lu , Li-Sheng Geng

We determine the root-mean-square proton charge radius, $R_{\rm p}$, from a fit to low-$Q^2$ electron-proton elastic scattering cross section data with the higher moments fixed (within uncertainties) to the values predicted by chiral…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-03-29 Marko Horbatsch , Eric A. Hessels , Antonio Pineda

We present a nonparametric Bayesian framework to infer radial distribution functions from experimental scattering measurements with uncertainty quantification using non-stationary Gaussian processes. The Gaussian process prior mean and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Harry W. Sullivan , Brennon L. Shanks , Matej Cervenka , Michael P. Hoepfner

The increasing richness of data related to cold dense matter, from laboratory experiments to neutron-star observations, requires a framework for constraining the properties of such matter that makes use of all relevant information. Here, we…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-01-08 M. Coleman Miller , Cecilia Chirenti , Frederick K. Lamb

The problem of the determination of the charge density from limited information about the charge form factor is an ill-posed inverse problem. A Bayesian probabilistic approach to this problem which permits to take into account both errors…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Mohammad-Djafari , H. G. Miller

An understanding of how input parameter uncertainty in the numerical simulation of physical models leads to simulation output uncertainty is a challenging task. Common methods for quantifying output uncertainty, such as performing a grid or…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-09-25 Samuel G. McCallum , James E. Lerpiniére , Kjeld O. Jensen , Alison B. Walker

Background: Proton elastic scattering at intermediate energy is widely employed as a tool for determining the matter radius of atomic nuclei. The sensitivity of the approach relies on high-resolution measurements at small scattering angles…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-07-22 J. C. Zamora

We investigate the feasibility of measuring the proton charge radius through dimuon photoproduction off a proton target. Our findings indicate that the Bethe-Heitler mechanism, which dominates at small momentum transfers, allows for an…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-09-19 Yong-Hui Lin , Feng-Kun Guo , Ulf-G. Meißner

The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics and the properties of the proton's bound…

This note is motivated by preparations of a new $ep$ elastic scattering experiment in the low transfer momentum region to be carried out in the 720 MeV electron beam of the Mainz Microtron MAMI. This experiment will use an innovative method…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-03-20 S. Belostotski , N. Sagidova , A. Vorobyev

The measurement of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen and the subsequent emergence of the proton-radius puzzle have motivated an experimental campaign devoted to measuring the Lamb shift in other light muonic atoms, such as muonic deuterium…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-08-29 Chen Ji , Sonia Bacca , Nir Barnea , Oscar Javier Hernandez , Nir Nevo-Dinur