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Data annotation is the process of labeling data that could be used to train machine learning models. Having high-quality annotation is crucial, as it allows the model to learn the relationship between the input data and the desired output.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Bosheng Ding , Chengwei Qin , Linlin Liu , Yew Ken Chia , Shafiq Joty , Boyang Li , Lidong Bing

As the NLP community increasingly addresses challenges associated with multilingualism, robust annotation tools are essential to handle multilingual datasets efficiently. In this paper, we introduce a code-mixed multilingual text annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Rajvee Sheth , Shubh Nisar , Heenaben Prajapati , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

With the rapid advancement and strong generalization capabilities of large language models (LLMs), they have been increasingly incorporated into the active learning pipelines as annotators to reduce annotation costs. However, considering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yuanyuan Qi , Xiaohao Yang , Jueqing Lu , Guoxiang Guo , Joanne Enticott , Gang Liu , Lan Du

Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models are typically trained in a supervised learning framework. In the case of intent classification, the predicted labels are predefined and based on the designed annotation schema while the labelling…

Data annotation refers to the labeling or tagging of textual data with relevant information. A large body of works have reported positive results on leveraging LLMs as an alternative to human annotators. However, existing studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Successfully training a deep neural network demands a huge corpus of labeled data. However, each label only provides limited information to learn from and collecting the requisite number of labels involves massive human effort. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Dong-Ho Lee , Rahul Khanna , Bill Yuchen Lin , Jamin Chen , Seyeon Lee , Qinyuan Ye , Elizabeth Boschee , Leonardo Neves , Xiang Ren

State-of-the-art supervised NLP models achieve high accuracy but are also susceptible to failures on inputs from low-data regimes, such as domains that are not represented in training data. As an approximation to collecting ground-truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Parikshit Bansal , Amit Sharma

The increase in data collection has made data annotation an interesting and valuable task in the contemporary world. This paper presents a new methodology for quickly annotating data using click-supervision and hierarchical object…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Adithya Subramanian , Anbumani Subramanian

Annotation of political discourse is resource-intensive, but recent developments in NLP promise to automate complex annotation tasks. Fine-tuned transformer-based models outperform human annotators in some annotation tasks, but they require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Sebastian Haunss , André Blessing

Low-resource languages face significant barriers in AI development due to limited linguistic resources and expertise for data labeling, rendering them rare and costly. The scarcity of data and the absence of preexisting tools exacerbate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nataliia Kholodna , Sahib Julka , Mohammad Khodadadi , Muhammed Nurullah Gumus , Michael Granitzer

Modern NLP systems require high-quality annotated data. In specialized domains, expert annotations may be prohibitively expensive. An alternative is to rely on crowdsourcing to reduce costs at the risk of introducing noise. In this paper we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Yinfei Yang , Oshin Agarwal , Chris Tar , Byron C. Wallace , Ani Nenkova

Various NLP tasks require a complex hierarchical structure over nodes, where each node is a cluster of items. Examples include generating entailment graphs, hierarchical cross-document coreference resolution, annotating event and subevent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Arie Cattan , Tom Hope , Doug Downey , Roy Bar-Haim , Lilach Eden , Yoav Kantor , Ido Dagan

Training and deploying machine learning models relies on a large amount of human-annotated data. As human labeling becomes increasingly expensive and time-consuming, recent research has developed multiple strategies to speed up annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ekaterina Artemova , Akim Tsvigun , Dominik Schlechtweg , Natalia Fedorova , Konstantin Chernyshev , Sergei Tilga , Boris Obmoroshev

State-of-the-art computer vision approaches rely on huge amounts of annotated data. The collection of such data is a time consuming process since it is mainly performed by humans. The literature shows that semi-automatic annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Jonas Jäger , Gereon Reus , Joachim Denzler , Viviane Wolff , Klaus Fricke-Neuderth

Modern software development requires developers to find and effectively utilize new APIs and their documentation, but documentation has many well-known issues. Despite this, developers eventually overcome these issues but have no way of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Amber Horvath , Michael Xieyang Liu , River Hendriksen , Connor Shannon , Emma Paterson , Kazi Jawad , Andrew Macvean , Brad A. Myers

State-of-the-art question answering (QA) relies upon large amounts of training data for which labeling is time consuming and thus expensive. For this reason, customizing QA systems is challenging. As a remedy, we propose a novel framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Bernhard Kratzwald , Stefan Feuerriegel , Huan Sun

Active Learning (AL) addresses the high costs of collecting human annotations by strategically annotating the most informative samples. However, for subjective NLP tasks, incorporating a wide range of perspectives in the annotation process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Michiel van der Meer , Neele Falk , Pradeep K. Murukannaiah , Enrico Liscio

Human annotation of training samples is expensive, laborious, and sometimes challenging, especially for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. To reduce the labeling cost and enhance the sample efficiency, Active Learning (AL) technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xuesong Wang

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have contributed to the development of automated writing evaluation (AWE) systems that can correct grammatical errors. However, while these systems are effective at improving text, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Steven Coyne , Diana Galvan-Sosa , Ryan Spring , Camélia Guerraoui , Michael Zock , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Kentaro Inui