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An $n$-vertex tree $T$ is said to be $\textit{graceful}$ if there exists a bijective labelling $\phi:V(T)\to \{1,\ldots,n\}$ such that the edge-differences $\{|\phi(x)-\phi(y)| : xy\in E(T)\}$ are pairwise distinct. The longstanding…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-17 Shoham Letzter , Alexey Pokrovskiy , Ella Williams

We consider graph labelings with an assignment of odd prime numbers to the vertices. Similarly to graceful graphs, a labeling is said to be elegant if the absolute differences between the labels of adjacent vertices describe exactly the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-03 Thierry Gensane

Gradual argumentation frameworks represent arguments and their relationships in a weighted graph. Their graphical structure and intuitive semantics makes them a potentially interesting tool for interpretable machine learning. It has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Jonathan Spieler , Nico Potyka , Steffen Staab

In mathematical phylogenetics, the time-consistent galled trees provide a simple class of rooted binary network structures that can be used to represent a variety of different biological phenomena. We study the enumerative combinatorics of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-24 Lily Agranat-Tamir , Michael Fuchs , Bernhard Gittenberger , Noah A. Rosenberg

In this paper we introduce a generalization of the well known concept of a graceful labeling. Given a graph G with e=dm edges, we call d-graceful labeling of G an injective function from V(G) to the set {0,1,2,..., d(m+1)-1} such that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-09-10 A. Pasotti

A graph G=(V,E) with m edges is graceful if it has a distinct vertex labeling f, a map from V into the set{0,1,2,3,...,m} which induces a distinct edge labeling |f(u)-f(v)| for edges uv in E. The famous Ringel-Kotzig conjecture (1964) is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-01 Shamik Ghosh

We present a graph theoretical approach to the configurational statistics of random tree-like objects, such as randomly branching polymers. In particular, for ideal trees we show that Pr\"ufer labelling provides: (i) direct access to the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-02 Pieter H. W. van der Hoek , Angelo Rosa , Ralf Everaers

Tree alignment graphs (TAGs) provide an intuitive data structure for storing phylogenetic trees that exhibits the relationships of the individual input trees and can potentially account for nested taxonomic relationships. This paper…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-16 Ruchi Chaudhary , David Fernandez-Baca , J. Gordon Burleigh

An increasing 1,2-tree is a labeled graph formed by starting with a vertex and then repeatedly attaching a leaf to a vertex or a triangle to an edge, the labeling of the vertices corresponding to the order in which the vertices are added.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-20 Julien Courtiel , Matthieu Dien , Paul Dorbec

Graph-based semantic representations are valuable in natural language processing, where it is often simple and effective to represent linguistic concepts as nodes, and relations as edges between them. Several attempts has been made to find…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Johanna Björklund , Frank Drewes , Anna Jonsson

A difference vertex labeling of a graph G is an assignment f of labels to the vertices of G that induces for each edge xy the weight |f(x)-f(y)|. A difference vertex labeling f of a graph G of size n is odd-graceful if f is an injection…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-24 Christian Barrientos

A number of hook formulas and hook summation formulas have previously appeared, involving various classes of trees. One of these classes of trees is rooted trees with labelled vertices, in which the labels increase along every chain from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-13 Valentin Féray , I. P. Goulden , A. Lascoux

We give factorizations for weighted spanning tree enumerators of Cartesian products of complete graphs, keeping track of fine weights related to degree sequences and edge directions. Our methods combine Kirchhoff's Matrix-Tree Theorem with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Jeremy L. Martin , Victor Reiner

We study a class of combinatorial objects that we call "decorated trees". These consist of vertices, arrows and edges, where each edge is decorated by two integers (one near each of its endpoints), each arrow is decorated by an integer, and…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2024-10-08 Pierrette Cassou-Noguès , Daniel Daigle

We provide a short combinatorial proof of Cayley's formula by means of a bijective map to an outcome space of an urn-drawing problem. Furthermore we introduce an algebraic structure on the set of labeled trees, which provides a more…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-02-01 Victor N. Ermolaev , Giulio Iacobelli

In this article bipartite planar graphs St_r are investigated, r the number of their plane regions. Bounds for the graded Betti numbers and the projective dimension of the quotient ring associated to such graphs are discussed. We prove that…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Maurizio Imbesi , Monica La Barbiera

A graph $G$ on $m$ edges is graceful if there is an injection $f : V(G) \to \{0, 1, \ldots, m\}$ whose induced edge labels $\{|f(u) - f(v)| : uv \in E(G)\}$ are exactly $\{1, 2, \ldots, m\}$. Ringel and Kotzig conjectured in 1964 that every…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Tong Niu

Certain families of combinatorial objects admit recursive descriptions in terms of generating trees: each node of the tree corresponds to an object, and the branch leading to the node encodes the choices made in the construction of the…

Large tree structures are ubiquitous and real-world relational datasets often have information associated with nodes (e.g., labels or other attributes) and edges (e.g., weights or distances) that need to be communicated to the viewers. Yet,…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Kathryn Gray , Mingwei Li , Reyan Ahmed , Md. Khaledur Rahman , Ariful Azad , Stephen Kobourov , Katy Börner

We define and prove isomorphisms between three combinatorial classes involving labeled trees. We also give an alternative proof by means of generating functions.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-14 Ali Chouria , Vlad-Florin Drǎgoi , Jean-Gabriel Luque