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Stefan-Boltzmann law was empirically deduced by Stefan in 1874 by fitting existing experiments and theoretically validated by Boltzmann in 1884 on the basis of a classical model involving thermodynamics principles and the Maxwell equations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-23 Lino Reggiani , Eleonora Alfinito

Sum rules among superparticle masses are derived under the assumption that models beyond the MSSM are four-dimensional supersymmetric grand unified theories or five-dimensional supersymmetric orbifold grand unified theories. Sfermion sum…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Yoshiharu Kawamura , Teppei Kinami

In December 1924 Wolfgang Pauli proposed the idea of an inner degree of freedom of the electron, which he insisted should be thought of as genuinely quantum mechanical in nature. Shortly thereafter Ralph Kronig and, independently, Samuel…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 Domenico Giulini

The Pauli exclusion principle can be stated as inequality $<\psi|\rho|\psi>\le 1$ for the electron density matrix $\rho$. Nowadays it is replaced by skew symmetry of the multi-electron wave function. The replacement leads to numerous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-15 Alexander A. Klyachko

The Pauli-Poisson equation is a semi-relativistic model for charged spin-1/2-particles in a strong external magnetic field and a self-consistent electric potential computed from the Poisson equation in 3 space dimensions. It is a system of…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-06-12 Jakob Möller

The BRS invariance of the electroweak gauge theory leads to relationships between amplitudes with external massive gauge bosons and amplitudes where some of these gauge bosons are replaced with their corresponding Nambu-Goldstone bosons.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Sher Alam , Kaoru Hagiwara , Shinya Kanemura , Robert Szalapski , Yoshiaki Umeda

Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when the underlying laws of a physical system are symmetric, but the vacuum state chosen by the system is not. The (3+1)d $\phi^4$ theory is relatively simple compared to other more complex theories,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-01-24 Chen-Te Ma , Yiwen Pan , Hui Zhang

The theory of Fermion oscillators has two essential ingredients: zero-point energy and Pauli exclusion principle. We devlop the theory of the statistical mechanics of generalized q-deformed Fermion oscillator algebra with inclusion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. Narayana Swamy

In this talk, I will concentrate on $Q^2$-dependence of deep inelastic sum rules. I will first give a modern definition of deep-inelastic sum rules and then discuss physical origins of their scaling violation at finite $Q^2$. Following…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 Xiangdong Ji

We develop a general theory of spin-dependent density-density correlations, that is valid for any temperature, interactions, dimensions and mass or population status of Fermi gases with two internal states. We use gauge invariance and the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2026-02-27 Nikolai Kaschewski , Axel Pelster , Carlos A. R. Sá de Melo

The Thomas Kuhn Reich sum rules and the sum-over-states (SOS) expression for the hyperpolarizabilities are truncated when calculating the fundamental limits of nonlinear susceptibilities. Truncation of the SOS expression can lead to an…

Optics · Physics 2014-02-18 Mark G. Kuzyk

The $f$ sum rule is derived in a non-relativistic frame and connected, via Ward Identities, to the low energy Thomson scattering. A generalisation to isospin symmetry in the nuclear case is discussed and linked to the Meson Exchange…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-06 Rinaldo Cenni

Typically visualized from an independent particle viewpoint, the Pauli principle's role in collective motion is analyzed leading to a reimagination of the microscopic dynamics underlying superfluidity/superconductivity and a…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2023-04-11 D. K. Watson

New relations between Bjorken polarized, Gross-Llewellyn Smith and Bjorken unpolarized sum rules are proposed. They are based on the ``universality'' of the perturbative and non-perturbative $\rm{1/Q^2}$ contributions to these sum rules.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 A. L. Kataev

4D CFTs have a scale anomaly characterized by the coefficient $c$, which appears as the coefficient of logarithmic terms in momentum space correlation functions of the energy-momentum tensor. By studying the CFT contribution to 4-point…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-09-26 Marc Gillioz , Xiaochuan Lu , Markus A. Luty

The Schr\"odinger-Pauli theory of electrons in the presence of a static electromagnetic field can be described from the perspective of the individual electron via its equation of motion or `Quantal Newtonian' first law. The law is in terms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-24 Marlina Slamet , Viraht Sahni

The Lloyd Theorem of (Sol\'e, 1989) is combined with the Schwartz-Zippel Lemma of theoretical computer science to derive non-existence results for perfect codes in the Lee metric, NRT metric, mixed Hamming metric, and for the sum-rank…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Minjia Shi , Jing Wang , Patrick Solé

The classical Poisson theorem says that if $\xi_1,\xi_2,...$ are i.i.d. 0--1 Bernoulli random variables taking on 1 with probability $p_n\equiv \la/n$ then the sum $S_n=\sum_{i=1}^n\xi_i$ is asymptotically in $n$ Poisson distributed with…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-10-11 Yuri Kifer

The Burkhardt--Cottingham sum rule is an exact superconvergence relation for a spin-structure function, derived from general principles of light absorption and scattering, and valid at any momentum transfer $Q^2$. I illustrate how a class…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-10-22 Vladimir Pascalutsa

A generic physical situation is considered where Im $\Pi$, the imaginary part of polarization operator (generalized susceptibility), can be measured on a finite interval and the high frequency asymptotics (up to a few orders) of $\Pi$ can…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 Alexander Moroz , Jan Fischer