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Proof-of-Work (PoW) is a Sybil control mechanism adopted in blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. It prevents the attempt of malicious actors to manipulate distributed ledgers. Bitcoin has successfully suppressed double-spending by accepting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Suhyeon Lee , Donghwan Lee , Seungjoo Kim

In current blockchain systems, full nodes that perform all of the available functionalities need to store the entire blockchain. In addition to the blockchain, full nodes also store a blockchain-summary, called the \emph{state}, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Parikshit Hegde , Robert Streit , Yanni Georghiades , Chaya Ganesh , Sriram Vishwanath

We revisit the longstanding open problem of implementing Nakamoto's proof-of-work (PoW) consensus based on a real-world computational task $T(x)$ (as opposed to artificial random hashing), in a truly permissionless setting where the miner…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ilan Komargodski , Omri Weinstein

Permissionless consensus protocols require a scarce resource to regulate leader election and provide Sybil resistance. Existing paradigms such as Proof of Work and Proof of Stake instantiate this scarcity through parallelizable resources…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Homayoun Maleki , Nekane Sainz , Jon Legarda

Increasing the transactional throughput of decentralized blockchains in a secure manner has been the holy grail of blockchain research for most of the past decade. This paper introduces a scheme for scaling blockchains while retaining…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-27 John Adler , Mikerah Quintyne-Collins

Trustless systems, such as those blockchain enpowered, provide trust in the system regardless of the trust of its participants, who may be honest or malicious. Proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols and DAG-based approaches have emerged as a better…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Quan Nguyen , Andre Cronje , Michael Kong , Alex Kampa , George Samman

As cross-chain technologies make the interactions among different blockchains (hereinafter "chains") possible, multi-chains consensus is becoming more and more important in blockchain networks. However, more attention has been paid to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Wenbo Zhang , Tao Wang , Jingyu Feng

Many blockchain systems today, including Bitcoin, rely on Proof of Work (PoW). Proof of work is crucial to the liveness and security of cryptocurrencies. The assumption when using PoW is that a lot of trial and error is required on average…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Maya Dotan , Saar Tochner

Security analysis of blockchain technology is an active domain of research. There has been both cryptographic and game-theoretic security analysis of Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains. Prominent work includes the cryptographic security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-01 Varul Srivastava , Sujit Gujar

Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchain consensus consumes vast computational resources without producing useful output, while the rapid growth of large language model (LLM) agents has created unprecedented demand for GPU computation. We present…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Landy Jimenez , Mariah Weatherspoon , Bingyu Shen , Yi Sheng , Jianming Liu , Boyang Li

We study decentralized cryptocurrency protocols in which the participants do not deplete physical scarce resources. Such protocols commonly rely on Proof of Stake, i.e., on mechanisms that extend voting power to the stakeholders of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-12 Iddo Bentov , Ariel Gabizon , Alex Mizrahi

Blockchain protocols implement total-order broadcast in a permissionless setting, where processes can freely join and leave. In such a setting, to safeguard against Sybil attacks, correct processes rely on cryptographic proofs tied to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Sarah Azouvi , Christian Cachin , Duc V. Le , Marko Vukolic , Luca Zanolini

Decentralization is a fundamental design element of the Web3 economy. Blockchains and distributed consensus mechanisms are touted as fault-tolerant, attack-resistant, and collusion-proof because they are decentralized. Recent analyses,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Harang Ju , Madhav Kumar , Ehsan Valavi , Sinan Aral

This master thesis deals with Blockchain Technology in mobile turn based peer to peer games. First, it investigates the capabilities of Blockchain Technology to be used for gaming applications. In this regard, among others,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Dominik Braun

Blockchain adoption is reaching an all-time high, with a plethora of blockchain architectures being developed to cover the needs of applications eager to integrate blockchain into their operations. However, blockchain systems suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Georgios Diamantopoulos , Nikos Tziritas , Rami Bahsoon , Nan Zhang , Georgios Theodoropoulos

This document introduces XinFin DPoS 2.0, the proposed next generation decentralized consensus engine for the XinFin XDC Network. Built upon the most advanced BFT consensus protocol, this upgrade will empower the XDC Network with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Gerui Wang , Jerome Wang , Liam Lai , Fisher Yu

Critical servers can be secured against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks using proof of work (PoW) systems assisted by an Artificial Intelligence (AI) that learns contextual network request patterns. In this work, we introduce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Trisha Chakraborty , Shaswata Mitra , Sudip Mittal

In this paper, we review the undercutting attacks in the transaction-fee-based regime of proof-of-work (PoW) blockchains with the longest chain fork-choice rule. Next, we focus on the problem of fluctuations in mining revenue and the mining…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Rastislav Budinský , Ivan Homoliak , Ivana Stančíková

The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol [GKL15] is an abstraction of the bitcoin proof-of-work consensus protocol. We use a model-checking tool (UPPAALSMC) to examine the concrete security of proof-ofwork consensus by varying protocol parameters and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Max DiGiacomo-Castillo , Yiyun Liang , Advay Pal , John C. Mitchell

For Nakamoto's longest-chain consensus protocol, whose proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS) variants power major blockchains such as Bitcoin and Cardano, we revisit the classic problem of the security-performance tradeoff: Given a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Lucianna Kiffer , Joachim Neu , Srivatsan Sridhar , Aviv Zohar , David Tse