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Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM) based Generative AI techniques have made it feasible to translate enterprise-level code from legacy languages such as COBOL to modern languages such as Java or Python. While the results of…

This study investigates AI-driven modernization of legacy COBOL code into Java, addressing a critical challenge in aging software systems. Leveraging the Legacy COBOL 2024 Corpus -- 50,000 COBOL files from public and enterprise sources --…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Gopichand Bandarupalli

Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM) based Generative AI techniques have made it feasible to translate enterpriselevel code from legacy languages such as COBOL to modern languages such as Java or Python. While the results of…

COBOL remains a critical language for mainframe systems, yet existing large language models (LLMs) struggle to generate and translate COBOL code correctly. This paper reports our experience in developing and evaluating domain-adapted LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Anh T. V. Dau , Shin Hwei Tan , Jinqiu Yang , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Anh Tuan Nguyen

We present an automated evaluation system for assessing COBOL-to-Java code translation within IBM's watsonx Code Assistant for Z (WCA4Z). The system addresses key challenges in evaluating LLM-based translators, including model opacity and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Shmulik Froimovich , Raviv Gal , Wesam Ibraheem , Avi Ziv

As the current COBOL workforce retires, entry-level developers are left to keep complex legacy systems maintained and operational. This creates a massive gap in knowledge and ability as companies are having their veteran developers replaced…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Dylan Lee , Austin Henley , Bill Hinshaw , Rahul Pandita

Many businesses depend on legacy systems, which often use outdated technology that complicates maintenance and updates. Therefore, software modernization is essential, particularly data migration between different database schemas.…

Continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) pipelines are critical for sustaining the evolution of large software systems. In regulated industries with legacy technologies, however, pipelines themselves can become a source of technical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Andreas Askholm , Kenneth Johnsen , Jacopo Mauro

We introduce **EvoGraph**, a framework that enables software systems to evolve their own source code, build pipelines, documentation, and tickets. EvoGraph represents every artefact in a typed directed graph, applies learned mutation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Igor Costa , Christopher Baran

Despite being proposed as early as 1959, COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) still predominantly acts as an integral part of the majority of operations of several financial, banking, and governmental organizations. To support the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Mir Sameed Ali , Nikhil Manjunath , Sridhar Chimalakonda

Mainframe operating systems, despite their inception in the 1940s, continue to support critical sectors like finance and government. However, these systems are often viewed as outdated, requiring extensive maintenance and modernization.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Anh T. V. Dau , Hieu Trung Dao , Anh Tuan Nguyen , Hieu Trung Tran , Phong X. Nguyen , Nghi D. Q. Bui

The authors describe a case study of the migration of an interactive diagramming tool written in Java from the Swing Graphical User Interface framework to the more recent JavaFX framework. The study distills the authors' experience…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Martin P. Robillard , Kaylee Kutschera

The automated translation of C code to Java code is a notoriously difficult task, fraught with challenges stemming from fundamental paradigm shifts (procedural vs. Object Oriented), memory models (manual pointers vs. Garbage Collection),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Aryan Gupta , Y. Raghu Reddy

Using JAVA for process control requires the access to I/O-Hardware. This problem is addressed in several ongoing standardisation efforts for Real Time Java. A spin-off of these standardisation efforts is the Siemens product JFPC (Java for…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Kleines , P. Wuestner , K. Settke , K. Zwoll

The VT legacy system, comprising approximately 2.5 million lines of PL/SQL code, lacks consistent documentation and automated tests, posing significant challenges for refactoring and modernisation. This study investigates the feasibility of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Lola Solovyeva , Eduardo Carneiro Oliveira , Shiyu Fan , Alper Tuncay , Shamil Gareev , Andrea Capiluppi

MiniJava is a subset of the object-oriented programming language Java. Standard ML is the canonical representative of the ML family of functional programming languages, which includes F# and OCaml. Different program analysis and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Martin Mariusz Lester

Converting a large C++ code base (800k lines of code) into Java alone is challenging. Changing the architecture from a monolith into an application adhering to the Java application server standard and to run it on WildFly is a different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Andre Vehreschild , Lexi Pimenidis

We build a benchmark to evaluate large language models (LLMs) for source code migration tasks, specifically upgrading functions from Java 8 to Java 11. We first collected a dataset of function pairs from open-source repositories, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Nishil Amin , Zhiwei Fei , Xiang Li , Justyna Petke , He Ye

This paper proposes a framework based completely on Java technology. The advantages brought about by the use of Java in network management answer some critical problems existing in current systems. With this work we address several factors…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2010-12-21 Damianos Gavalas , Dominic Greenwood , Mohammed Ghanbari , Mike O'Mahony

Modern software development demands rapid, reliable testing methods to maintain high quality in increasingly complex systems. This paper details a comprehensive approach to designing and implementing robust test automation frameworks by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Srikanth Srinivas , Lagan Goel
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