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This paper classifies the complexity of various teaching models by their position in the arithmetical hierarchy. In particular, we determine the arithmetical complexity of the index sets of the following classes: (1) the class of uniformly…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-10-28 Achilles A. Beros , Ziyuan Gao , Sandra Zilles

Fairness constitutes a concern within machine learning (ML) applications. Currently, there is no study on how disparities in classification complexity between privileged and unprivileged groups could influence the fairness of solutions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Juliett Suárez Ferreira , Marija Slavkovik , Jorge Casillas

Spreadsheets are widely used in industry, even for critical business processes. This implies the need for proper risk assessment in spreadsheets to evaluate the reliability and validity of the spreadsheet's outcome. As related research has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-04-06 Thomas Reschenhofer , Bernhard Waltl , Klym Shumaiev , Florian Matthes

Classification is a ubiquitous and fundamental problem in artificial intelligence and machine learning, with extensive efforts dedicated to developing more powerful classifiers and larger datasets. However, the classification task is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Mario Franco , Gerardo Febres , Nelson Fernández , Carlos Gershenson

Given a learning problem with real-world tradeoffs, which cost function should the model be trained to optimize? This is the metric selection problem in machine learning. Despite its practical interest, there is limited formal guidance on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-22 Gaurush Hiranandani

With the developments in machine learning, there has been a surge in interest and results focused on algorithms utilizing predictions, not least in online algorithms where most new results incorporate the prediction aspect for concrete…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Magnus Berg , Joan Boyar , Lene M. Favrholdt , Kim S. Larsen

Complex systems have become a popular lens for analyzing cities and complexity theory has many implications for urban performance and resilience. This paper develops a typology of measures and indicators for assessing the physical…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-10-05 Geoff Boeing

We study correlation measures for complex systems. First, we investigate some recently proposed measures based on information geometry. We show that these measures can increase under local transformations as well as under discarding…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2012-04-20 Tobias Galla , Otfried Gühne

Predicting the runtime complexity of a programming code is an arduous task. In fact, even for humans, it requires a subtle analysis and comprehensive knowledge of algorithms to predict time complexity with high fidelity, given any code. As…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Jagriti Sikka , Kushal Satya , Yaman Kumar , Shagun Uppal , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Roger Zimmermann

Several complexity metrics are described which are related to logic structure, data structure and size of spreadsheet models. They primarily concentrate on the dispersion of cell references and cell paths. Most metrics are newly defined,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2008-02-28 Andrej Bregar

Software implements a significant proportion of functionality in factory automation. Thus, efficient development and the reuse of software parts, so-called units, enhance competitiveness. Thereby, complex control software units are more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Juliane Fischer , Birgit Vogel-Heuser , Heiko Schneider , Nikolai Langer , Markus Felger , Matthias Bengel

The occurrence of unknown words in texts significantly hinders reading comprehension. To improve accessibility for specific target populations, computational modelling has been applied to identify complex words in texts and substitute them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Kai North , Marcos Zampieri , Matthew Shardlow

How can the complexity of ML-enabled systems be managed effectively? The goal of this research is to investigate how complexity affects ML-Enabled Systems (MLES). To address this question, this research aims to introduce a metrics-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Renato Cordeiro Ferreira

The problem of identifying to which of a given set of classes objects belong is ubiquitous, occurring in many research domains and application areas, including medical diagnosis, financial decision making, online commerce, and national…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 David J. Hand , Peter Christen , Sumayya Ziyad

Deep neural networks use multiple layers of functions to map an object represented by an input vector progressively to different representations, and with sufficient training, eventually to a single score for each class that is the output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Tin Kam Ho

We define a notion of complexity, which quantifies the nonlinearity of the computation of a neural network, as well as a complementary measure of the effective dimension of feature representations. We investigate these observables both for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Romuald A. Janik , Przemek Witaszczyk

This work proposes and evaluates a novel approach to determine interesting categorical attributes for lists of entities. Once identified, such categories are of immense value to allow constraining (filtering) a current view of a user to…

Databases · Computer Science 2017-11-30 Koninika Pal , Sebastian Michel

Dataset complexity assessment aims to predict classification performance on a dataset with complexity calculation before training a classifier, which can also be used for classifier selection and dataset reduction. The training process of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Guang Li , Ren Togo , Takahiro Ogawa , Miki Haseyama

As learning difficulty is crucial for machine learning (e.g., difficulty-based weighting learning strategies), previous literature has proposed a number of learning difficulty measures. However, no comprehensive investigation for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Weiyao Zhu , Ou Wu , Fengguang Su , Yingjun Deng

Measuring software complexity plays an important role to meet the demands of complex software. The cyclomatic complexity is one of most used and renowned metric among the other three proposed and researched metrics that are namely: Line of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Ankita Garg