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Not all real-world data are labeled, and when labels are not available, it is often costly to obtain them. Moreover, as many algorithms suffer from the curse of dimensionality, reducing the features in the data to a smaller set is often of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Chiara Balestra , Florian Huber , Andreas Mayr , Emmanuel Müller

With the widespread use of sophisticated machine learning models in sensitive applications, understanding their decision-making has become an essential task. Models trained on tabular data have witnessed significant progress in explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Lahiri , Kamran Alipour , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi

With the adoption of machine learning-based solutions in routine clinical practice, the need for reliable interpretability tools has become pressing. Shapley values provide local explanations. The method gained popularity in recent years.…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Lucile Ter-Minassian , Sahra Ghalebikesabi , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Chris Holmes

In this paper we introduce a metric aimed at helping machine learning practitioners quickly summarize and communicate the overall importance of each feature in any black-box machine learning prediction model. Our proposed metric, based on a…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-27 Nickalus Redell

Interpretable machine learning has become a very active area of research due to the rising popularity of machine learning algorithms and their inherently challenging interpretability. Most work in this area has been focused on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-09 Quay Au , Julia Herbinger , Clemens Stachl , Bernd Bischl , Giuseppe Casalicchio

We propose probabilistic Shapley inference (PSI), a novel probabilistic framework to model and infer sufficient statistics of feature attributions in flexible predictive models, via latent random variables whose mean recovers Shapley…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mert Ketenci , Iñigo Urteaga , Victor Alfonso Rodriguez , Noémie Elhadad , Adler Perotte

Cooperative game theory has become a cornerstone of post-hoc interpretability in machine learning, largely through the use of Shapley values. Yet, despite their widespread adoption, Shapley-based methods often rest on axiomatic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-18 Marouane Il Idrissi , Agathe Fernandes Machado , Arthur Charpentier

Originally introduced in game theory, Shapley values have emerged as a central tool in explainable machine learning, where they are used to attribute model predictions to specific input features. However, computing Shapley values exactly is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Christopher Musco , R. Teal Witter

Shapley values originated in cooperative game theory but are extensively used today as a model-agnostic explanation framework to explain predictions made by complex machine learning models in the industry and academia. There are several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-15 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Ingrid Kristine Glad , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

This paper makes the case for using Shapley value to quantify the importance of random input variables to a function. Alternatives based on the ANOVA decomposition can run into conceptual and computational problems when the input variables…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-22 Art B. Owen , Clémentine Prieur

For feature selection and related problems, we introduce the notion of classification game, a cooperative game, with features as players and hinge loss based characteristic function and relate a feature's contribution to Shapley value based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-27 Sandhya Tripathi , N. Hemachandra , Prashant Trivedi

Shapley values are ubiquitous in interpretable Machine Learning due to their strong theoretical background and efficient implementation in the SHAP library. Computing these values previously induced an exponential cost with respect to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Gabriel Laberge , Yann Pequignot

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having more influence on our everyday lives, it becomes important that AI-based decisions are transparent and explainable. As a consequence, the field of eXplainable AI (or XAI) has become popular in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Nils Ole Breuer , Andreas Sauter , Majid Mohammadi , Erman Acar

In clinical prediction settings the importance of a high-dimensional feature like genomics is often assessed by evaluating the change in predictive performance when adding it to a set of traditional clinical variables. This approach is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-06 Mark A. van de Wiel , Jeroen Goedhart , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

Interpretable machine learning has been focusing on explaining final models that optimize performance. The current state-of-the-art is the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) that locally explains variable impact on individual predictions,…

The proliferation of large models has intensified the need for efficient data valuation methods to quantify the contribution of individual data providers. Traditional approaches, such as game-theory-based Shapley value and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Le Ma , Shirao Yang , Zihao Wang , Yinggui Wang , Lei Wang , Tao Wei , Kejun Zhang

Fair credit assignment is essential in various machine learning (ML) applications, and Shapley values have emerged as a valuable tool for this purpose. However, in critical ML applications such as data valuation and feature attribution, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Pranoy Panda , Siddharth Tandon , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Besides accuracy, recent studies on machine learning models have been addressing the question on how the obtained results can be interpreted. Indeed, while complex machine learning models are able to provide very good results in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Guilherme Dean Pelegrina , Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte , Michel Grabisch

Shapley values are widely used for model-agnostic data valuation and feature attribution, yet they implicitly assume contributors are interchangeable. This can be problematic when contributors are dependent (e.g., reused/augmented data or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kiljae Lee , Ziqi Liu , Weijing Tang , Yuan Zhang

Originally introduced in cooperative game theory, Shapley values have become a very popular tool to explain machine learning predictions. Based on Shapley's fairness axioms, every input (feature component) gets a credit how it contributes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-19 Michael Mayer , Mario V. Wüthrich