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The Lightning Network is a peer-to-peer network designed to address Bitcoin's scalability challenges, facilitating rapid, cost-effective, and instantaneous transactions through bidirectional, blockchain-backed payment channels among network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Sindura Saraswathi , Christian Kümmerle

The Bitcoin Lightning Network, launched in 2018, serves as a layer 2 scaling solution for Bitcoin. The Lightning Network allows users to establish channels between each other and subsequently exchange off-chain payments. Together, these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Florian Grötschla , Lioba Heimbach , Severin Richner , Roger Wattenhofer

Blockchain is an incrementally updated ledger maintained by distributed nodes rather than centralized organizations. The current blockchain technology faces scalability issues, which include two aspects: low transaction throughput and high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xiangyu Wang , Ting Yang , Yu Wang

While blockchains initially gained popularity in the realm of cryptocurrencies, their widespread adoption is expanding beyond conventional applications, driven by the imperative need for enhanced data security. Despite providing a secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Faisal Haque Bappy , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom , Tariqul Islam

The Bitcoin Lightning Network is a layer 2 protocol designed to facilitate fast and inexpensive Bitcoin transactions. It operates by establishing channels between users, where Bitcoin is locked and transactions are conducted off-chain until…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Rainer Feichtinger , Florian Grötschla , Lioba Heimbach , Roger Wattenhofer

Public blockchains have spurred the growing popularity of decentralized transactions and smart contracts, but they exhibit limitations on the transaction throughput, storage, and computation. To avoid transaction gridlock, public…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Nikolay Ivanov , Qiben Yan , Qingyang Wang

The Bitcoin Lightning Network is a Layer 2 payment protocol that addresses Bitcoin's scalability by facilitating quick and cost effective transactions through payment channels. This research explores the feasibility of using machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Vincent Davis , Emanuele Rossi , Vikash Singh

Payment channel networks provide a fast and scalable solution to relay funds, acting as a second layer to slower and less scalable blockchain protocols. In this paper, we present an accessible, low-cost attack in which the attacker…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Ayelet Mizrahi , Aviv Zohar

The ambition of the Lightning Network is to provide a second layer to the Bitcoin network to enable transactions confirmed instantly, securely and anonymously with a world scale capacity using a decentralized protocol. Some of the current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Cyril Grunspan , Gabriel Lehéricy , Ricardo Pérez-Marco

Blockchain technologies are expected to make a significant impact on a variety of industries. However, one issue holding them back is their limited transaction throughput, especially compared to established solutions such as distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Christian Gorenflo , Stephen Lee , Lukasz Golab , S. Keshav

Bitcoin has emerged as a revolutionary payment system with its decentralized ledger concept however it has significant problems such as high transaction fees and long confirmation times. Lightning Network (LN), which was introduced much…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Ahmet Kurt , Suat Mercan , Omer Shlomovits , Enes Erdin , Kemal Akkaya

The Bitcoin Lightning Network (BLN), a so-called "second layer" payment protocol, was launched in 2018 to scale up the number of transactions between Bitcoin owners. In this paper, we analyse the structure of the BLN over a period of 18…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-09-08 Jian-Hong Lin , Kevin Primicerio , Tiziano Squartini , Christian Decker , Claudio J. Tessone

The Lightning Network is a scaling solution for Bitcoin that promises to enable rapid and private payment processing. In Lightning, multi-hop payments are secured by utilizing Hashed Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) and encrypted on the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Elias Rohrer , Florian Tschorsch

Bitcoin is the cryptocurrency with the largest market capitalisation, but its widespread adoption is fundamentally limited by the scalability constraints of its consensus algorithm, which requires every transaction to be confirmed onchain.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Pim Keer , Matteo Maffei , Marco Argentieri , Andrew Camilleri , Zeta Avarikioti

In blockchain sharding, $n$ processing nodes are divided into $s$ shards, and each shard processes transactions in parallel. A key challenge in such a system is to ensure system stability for any ``tractable'' pattern of generated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

End-to-end blockchain latency has become a critical topic of interest in both academia and industry. However, while modern blockchain systems process transactions through multiple stages, most research has primarily focused on optimizing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Zhuolun Xiang , Zekun Li , Balaji Arun , Teng Zhang , Alexander Spiegelman

Bitcoin has emerged as a revolutionary payment system with its decentralized ledger concept; however it has significant problems such as high transaction fees and low throughput. Lightning Network (LN), which was introduced much later,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Ahmet Kurt , Kemal Akkaya , Sabri Yilmaz , Suat Mercan , Omer Shlomovits , Enes Erdin

One of the main bottlenecks of blockchains is smart contract execution. To increase throughput, modern blockchains try to execute transactions in parallel. Unfortunately, however, common blockchain use cases introduce read-write conflicts…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-13 George Mitenkov , Igor Kabiljo , Zekun Li , Alexander Spiegelman , Satyanarayana Vusirikala , Zhuolun Xiang , Aleksandar Zlateski , Nuno P. Lopes , Rati Gelashvili

Although blockchain, the supporting technology of various cryptocurrencies, has offered a potentially effective framework for numerous decentralized trust management systems, its performance is still sub-optimal in real-world networks. With…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Canran Wang , Netanel Raviv

Lightning Network (LN) is designed to amend the scalability and privacy issues of Bitcoin. It's a payment channel network where Bitcoin transactions are issued off chain, onion routed through a private payment path with the aim to settle…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Ferenc Beres , Istvan Andras Seres , Andras A. Benczur