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A hard-fork reconfiguration of the peer to peer Bitcoin network is described that substitutes tamper-evident logs and proof-of-stake consensus for proof-of-work consensus. The block creation rewards and transaction fees are reallocated to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Stephen L. Reed

While Proof-of-Work (PoW) is the most widely used consensus mechanism for blockchain, it received harsh criticism due to its massive waste of energy for meaningless hash calculation. Some studies have introduced Proof-of-Stake to address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Weilin Zheng , Xu Chen , Zibin Zheng , Xiapu Luo , Jiahui Cui

The rise of computational power has led to unprecedented performance gains for deep learning models. As more data becomes available and model architectures become more complex, the need for more computational power increases. On the other…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Mahmoud Salhab , Khaleel Mershad

Existing research on federated learning has been focused on the setting where learning is coordinated by a centralized entity. Yet the greatest potential of future collaborative intelligence would be unleashed in a more open and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Huiwen Liu , Feida Zhu , Ling Cheng

The distributed consensus mechanism is the backbone of the rapidly developing blockchain network. Blockchain platforms consume vast amounts of electricity based on the current consensus mechanism of Proof of Work. Here, we point out an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Xiaoyang Shi , Hang Xiao , Weifeng Liu , Xi Chen , Klaus. S. Lackner , Vitalik Buterin , Thomas F. Stocker

In a blockchain system, consensus protocol as an incentive and security mechanism, is to ensure the participants to build the block honestly and effectively. There are different consensus protocols for blockchain, like Proof of work (PoW),…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Zhongli Dong , Young Choon Lee , Albert Y. Zomaya

The progress of deep learning (DL), especially the recent development of automatic design of networks, has brought unprecedented performance gains at heavy computational cost. On the other hand, blockchain systems routinely perform a huge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Yixiao Lan , Yuan Liu , Boyang Li

With the rapid growth of hyperconnected devices and decentralized data architectures, safeguarding Internet of Things (IoT) transactions is becoming increasingly challenging. Blockchain presents a promising solution, yet its effectiveness…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Sokratis Vavilis , Harris Niavis , Konstantinos Loupos

Bitcoin mining is a wasteful and resource-intensive process. To add a block of transactions to the blockchain, miners spend a considerable amount of energy. The Bitcoin protocol, named 'proof of work' (PoW), resembles a lottery and the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Andrei Lihu , Jincheng Du , Igor Barjaktarevic , Patrick Gerzanics , Mark Harvilla

Permissionless blockchains such as Bitcoin have long been criticized for their high computational and storage overhead. Unfortunately, while a number of proposals address the energy consumption of existing Proof-of-Work deployments, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Alessandro Sforzin , Matteo Maso , Claudio Soriente , Ghassan Karame

The blockchain initially gained traction in 2008 as the technology underlying bitcoin, but now has been employed in a diverse range of applications and created a global market worth over $150B as of 2017. What distinguishes blockchains from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Shehar Bano , Alberto Sonnino , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Sarah Azouvi , Patrick McCorry , Sarah Meiklejohn , George Danezis

Blockchain consensus is a state whereby each node in a network agrees on the current state of the blockchain. Existing protocols achieve consensus via a contest or voting procedure to select one node as a dictator to propose new blocks.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-06-22 Joshua S. Gans , Richard Holden

Blockchain has been regarded as a promising technology for Internet of Things (IoT), since it provides significant solutions for decentralized network which can address trust and security concerns, high maintenance cost problem, etc. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Bin Cao , Yixin Li , Lei Zhang , Long Zhang , Shahid Mumtaz , Zhenyu Zhou , Mugen Peng

Proof-of-Work (PoW) is a popular blockchain consensus algorithm that is used in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin in which hashing operations are repeated until the resulting hash has certain properties. This approach uses lots of computational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Felix Hoffmann

Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity due to their transparency, security, and accessibility compared to traditional financial systems, with Bitcoin, introduced in 2009, leading the market. Bitcoin's security relies on blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Dinitha Wijewardhana , Sugandima Vidanagamachchi , Nalin Arachchilage

This master thesis deals with Blockchain Technology in mobile turn based peer to peer games. First, it investigates the capabilities of Blockchain Technology to be used for gaming applications. In this regard, among others,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Dominik Braun

We propose a blockchain architecture in which mining requires a quantum computer. The consensus mechanism is based on proof of quantum work, a quantum-enhanced alternative to traditional proof of work that leverages quantum supremacy to…

Proof of Stake (PoS) protocols rely on voting mechanisms to reach consensus on the current state. If an enhanced majority of staking nodes, also called validators, agree on a proposed block, then this block is appended to the blockchain.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Stefanos Leonardos , Daniel Reijsbergen , Georgios Piliouras

Blockchain systems face persistent challenges of scalability, latency, and energy inefficiency. Existing consensus protocols such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) either consume excessive resources or risk centralization.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-06 M. Z. Haider , M. U Ghouri , Tayyaba Noreen , M. Salman

Throughput limitations of existing blockchain architectures are well documented and are one of the most significant hurdles for their wide-spread adoption. In our previous proof-of-concept work, we have shown that separating computation…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Alexander Hentschel , Dieter Shirley , Layne Lafrance , Maor Zamski