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Due to an extremely rugged structure of the free energy landscape, the determination of spin-glass ground states is among the hardest known optimization problems, found to be NP-hard in the most general case. Owing to the specific structure…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2011-11-10 Martin Weigel

Optical simulators for the Ising model have demonstrated great promise for solving challenging problems in physics and beyond. Here, we develop a spatial optical simulator for a variety of classical statistical systems, including the clock,…

Optics · Physics 2024-12-19 Song-Tao Yu , Ming-Gen He , Sheng Fang , Youjin Deng , Zhen-Sheng Yuan

The challenge posted by modern science is to find a way to compute the NP-hard problem. Here we present a coherent computation model based on the whispering-gallery mode micro-resonators. We introduce the optically connected…

Optics · Physics 2022-06-28 Yong-Pan Gao , Peng-Fei Lu , Chuan Wang

Physical Ising machines rely on nature to guide a dynamical system towards an optimal state which can be read out as a heuristical solution to a combinatorial optimization problem. Such designs that use nature as a computing mechanism can…

The study of frustrated spin systems often requires time-consuming numerical simulations. As the simplest approach, the classical Ising model is often used to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of such systems. Exploiting the small…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-05-30 Bilin Zhuang , Courtney Lannert

Decades of exponential scaling in high performance computing (HPC) efficiency is coming to an end. Transistor based logic in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is approaching physical limits beyond which further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Fiona Knoll , John T. Daly , Jess J. Meyer

This paper presents a coupled ring oscillator based Potts ma chine to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Potts model is a generalization of the Ising model, cap turing multivalued spins in contrast to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Baris Taskin

Classical spin models with discrete or continuous degrees of freedom arise in many studies of complex physical systems. A wide class of hard real-life optimisation problems can be formulated as a minimisation of a spin Hamiltonian. Here we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-12-12 Kirill P. Kalinin , Natalia G. Berloff

Generalized Ising models, also known as cluster expansions, are an important tool in many areas of condensed-matter physics and materials science, as they are often used in the study of lattice thermodynamics, solid-solid phase transitions,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-06-27 Wenxuan Huang , Daniil Kitchaev , Stephen Dacek , Ziqin Rong , Zhiwei Ding , Gerbrand Ceder

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

Spin glasses featured by frustrated interactions and metastable states have important applications in chemistry, material sciences and artificial neural networks. However, the solution of the spin glass models is hindered by the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-10-24 Weiru Fan , Yuxuan Sun , Xingqi Xu , Da-Wei Wang , Shi-Yao Zhu , Hai-Qing Lin

We present a methodology for generating Ising Hamiltonians of tunable complexity and with a priori known ground states based on a decomposition of the model graph into edge-disjoint subgraphs. The idea is illustrated with a spin-glass model…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-04-17 Firas Hamze , Darryl C. Jacob , Andrew J. Ochoa , Dilina Perera , Wenlong Wang , Helmut G. Katzgraber

We present a new way to make Ising machines, i.e., using networks of coupled self-sustaining nonlinear oscillators. Our scheme is theoretically rooted in a novel result that establishes that the phase dynamics of coupled oscillator systems,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Tianshi Wang , Jaijeet Roychowdhury

Modeling complex systems, like neural networks, simple liquids or flocks of birds, often works in reverse to textbook approaches: given data for which averages and correlations are known, we try to find the parameters of a given model…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-25 Tobias Kühn , Frédéric van Wijland

Oscillator Ising machines (OIMs) are networks of coupled oscillators that seek the minimum energy state of an Ising model. Since many NP-hard problems are equivalent to the minimization of an Ising Hamiltonian, OIMs have emerged as a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Ahmed Allibhoy , Arthur N. Montanari , Fabio Pasqualetti , Adilson E. Motter

Several platforms are currently being explored for simulating physical systems whose complexity increases faster than polynomially with the number of particles or degrees of freedom in the system. Defects and vacancies in semiconductors or…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-11-22 Natalia G. Berloff , Kirill Kalinin , Matteo Silva , Wolfgang Langbein , Pavlos G. Lagoudakis

Obtaining the low-energy configurations of spin glasses that have rugged energy landscapes is of direct relevance to combinatorial optimization and fundamental science. Search-based heuristics have difficulty with this task due to the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-12-24 Adil A. Gangat , Johnnie Gray

A powerful existing technique for evaluating statistical mechanical quantities in two-dimensional Ising models is based on constructing a matrix representing the nearest neighbor spin couplings and then evaluating the Pfaffian of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-04-16 Creighton K. Thomas , A. Alan Middleton

Spiking neural network is a kind of neuromorphic computing that is believed to improve the level of intelligence and provide advantages for quantum computing. In this work, we address this issue by designing an optical spiking neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Bo Lu , Yong-Pan Gao , Kai Wen , Chuan Wang

We provide Ising formulations for many NP-complete and NP-hard problems, including all of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. This collects and extends mappings to the Ising model from partitioning, covering and satisfiability. In each case,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-01-28 Andrew Lucas