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Born rule is key to understanding quantum mechanics based on the probability amplitude for the measurement process of a physical quantity. Based on a typical particle nature of a photon, the quantum feature of photon bunching on a beam…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Byoung S. Ham

The main features of quantum mechanics reside in interference deriving from the superposition of different quantum objects. While current quantum optical technology enables two-photon interference both in bulk and integrated systems,…

The foundational ideas of quantum mechanics continue to give rise to counterintuitive theories and physical effects that are in conflict with a classical description of Nature. Experiments with light at the single photon level have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-16 Peter Shadbolt , Jonathan C. F. Matthews , Anthony Laing , Jeremy L. O'Brien

Born's rule is the recipe for calculating probabilities from quantum mechanical amplitudes. There is no generally accepted derivation of Born's rule from first principles. In this paper, it is motivated from assumptions that link the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Per Östborn

The quest to have both which-path knowledge and interference fringes in a double-slit experiment dates back to the inception of quantum mechanics (QM) and to the famous Einstein-Bohr debates. In this paper we propose and discuss an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-04 Stefan Ataman

The superposition principle is the cornerstone of quantum mechanics, leading to a variety of genuinely quantum effects. Whether the principle applies also to macroscopic systems or, instead, there is a progressive breakdown when moving to…

We show single photon and electron interferences can be calculated without quantum-superposition states by using tensor form (covariant quantization). From the analysis results, the scalar potential which correspond to an indefinite metric…

General Physics · Physics 2017-09-14 Masahito Morimoto

QBism regards quantum mechanics as an addition to probability theory. The addition provides an extra normative rule for decision-making agents concerned with gambling across experimental contexts, somewhat in analogy to the double-slit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-25 Christopher A. Fuchs , Maxim Olshanii , Matthew B. Weiss

A modified double slit experiment of light was implemented. In the experiment, a spatial shape filter is used to manipulate the shape of cross section of laser beam. When this modified laser beam was shined on the double slit, the intensity…

General Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 Haisheng Liu

In this work we consider basic principles and problems of the standard quantum mechanical formalism. Especially we consider final measurement or detection procedure (collapse) as a quantum-classical continuous phase transition with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Vladan Pankovic

Nonlinear modifications of quantum mechanics have a troubled history. They were initially studied for many promising reasons: resolving the measurement problem, testing the limits of standard quantum mechanics, and reconciling it with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-25 Bassam Helou , Yanbei Chen

Young's double slit experiment has often been used to illustrate the concept of complementarity in quantum mechanics. If information can in principle be obtained about the path of the photon, then the visibility of the interference fringes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Hanzhen Lin , Yu-Kun Lu , Vitaly Fedoseev , Yoo Kyung Lee , Jiahao Lyu , Wolfgang Ketterle

Recently a new attempt to go beyond quantum mechanics (QM) was presented in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). Its main experimental prediction is violation of Born's rule which provides only an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Andrei Khrennikov

The purpose of this article is to show that the introduction of hidden variables to describe individual events is fully consistent with the statistical predictions of quantum theory. We illustrate the validity of this assertion by…

General Physics · Physics 2007-08-07 L. Fritsche , M. Haugk

The wave-particle duality is the main point of demarcation between quantum and classical physics, and is the quintessential mystery of quantum mechanics. Young's two-slit interference experiment is the arch prototype of actual and gedanken…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Mario Rabinowitz

The three major theoretical principles of quantum mechanics relevant to its interpretation are: (T1), linearity; (T2), invariance under certain groups; and (T3) the orthogonality and isolation of the different branches of the state vector.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-21 Casey Blood

We argue that measurement data in quantum physics can be rigorously interpreted only as a result of a statistical, macroscopic process, taking into account the indistinguishable character of identical particles. Quantum determinism is in…

General Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Patrick Navez , Henni Ouerdane

The auxiliary rules of quantum mechanics have always included the Born rule that connects probability with square modulus. This need not be the case, for it is possible to introduce probability into the theory through probability current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Richard A Mould

The Born's rule introduces intrinsic randomness to the outcomes of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. But, if the system is prepared in the eigenstate of an observable then the measurement outcome of that observable is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-31 Trina Chakraborty , Manik Banik , Pinaki Patra

Quantum superposition is often phrased as the ability to add state vectors. In practice, however, the physical quantity is a ray (a rank-one projector), so each input specifies only a projector and leaves a gauge freedom in the phases of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-22 Jeongho Bang , Kyoungho Cho , Ki Hyuk Yee