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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used to activate the dysfunctional lower limb muscles of individuals with neuromuscular disorders to produce cycling as a means of exercise and rehabilitation. However, FES-cycling is still…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-03-14 Matthew J. Bellman , Teng-Hu Cheng , Ryan J. Downey , Warren E. Dixon

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a technique to evoke muscle contraction through low-energy electrical signals. FES can animate paralysed limbs. Yet, an open challenge remains on how to apply FES to achieve desired movements. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Nat Wannawas , Ali Shafti , A. Aldo Faisal

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been increasingly integrated with other rehabilitation devices, including robots. FES cycling is one of the common FES applications in rehabilitation, which is performed by stimulating leg muscles…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Nat Wannawas , A. Aldo Faisal

This report details the design and development of a compact high-voltage functional electrical stimulation (FES) device. Unlike conventional FES systems, the proposed design prioritizes user comfort by leveraging rapid switching times to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-17 Haiduo Wang , Ruizhe Tang , Xilin Liu

Human movement disorders or paralysis lead to the loss of control of muscle activation and thus motor control. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is an established and safe technique for contracting muscles by stimulating the skin…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Nat Wannawas , Ali Shafti , A. Aldo Faisal

Foot drop is commonly managed using Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), typically delivered via open-loop controllers with fixed stimulation intensities. While users may manually adjust the intensity through external controls, this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Andreas Christou , Elliot Lister , Georgia Andreopoulou , Don Mahad , Sethu Vijayakumar

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) can restore motion to a paralysed person's muscles. Yet, control stimulating many muscles to restore the practical function of entire limbs is an unsolved problem. Current neurostimulation engineering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Nat Wannawas , Mahendran Subramanian , A. Aldo Faisal

A functional electrical stimulation (FES)-based tracking controller is developed to enable cycling based on a strategy to yield force direction efficiency by exploiting antagonistic bi-articular muscles. Given the input redundancy naturally…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-10-02 Hiroyuki Kawai , Matthew J. Bellman , Ryan J. Downey , Warren E. Dixon

Loss of voluntary foot movement after spinal cord injury (SCI) can significantly limit independent mobility and quality of life. To improve motor output after injury, functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used to deliver stimulation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Vlad Cnejevici , Matthias Ponfick , Dietmar Fey , Raul C. Sîmpetru , Alessandro Del Vecchio

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a prevalent technique commonly used to activate muscles in individuals with neurological disorders. Traditional FES strategies predominantly utilize low-frequency (LF) stimulation, which evokes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-23 Long Meng , Paola Terolli , Xiaogang Hu

Introduction: Rehabilitation after a neurological impairment can be supported by functional electrical stimulation (FES). However, FES is limited by early muscle fatigue, slowing down the recovery progress. The use of optimal control to…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Kevin Co , Mickaël Begon , François Bailly , Florent Moissenet

Reaching disabilities affect the quality of life. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) can restore lost motor functions. Yet, there remain challenges in controlling FES to induce desired movements. Neuromechanical models are valuable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-20 Nat Wannawas , A. Aldo Faisal

Recent dynamical models, based on the seminal work of V. Hill, allow to predict the muscular response to functional electrostimulation (FES), in the isometric and non-isometric cases. The physical controls are modeled as Dirac pulses and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-15 Toufik Bakir , Bernard Bonnard , Sandrine Gayrard , Jérémy Rouot

A new hybrid tracking controller for neuromuscular electrical stimulation is proposed. The control scheme uses sampled measurements and is designed by utilizing a numerical prediction of the state variables. The tracking error of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-10-08 Iasson Karafyllis , Michael Malisoff , Marcio de Queiroz , Miroslav Krstic

Bilateral control, a remote-control technique, is used to work at a distance. However, many existing bilateral control systems have two common problems: 1) it is difficult to create a system like a human hand, that has multiple degrees of…

Biological Physics · Physics 2018-11-12 Yuu Hasegawa , Tomoya Kitamura , Sho Sakaino , Toshiaki Tsuji

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent motor disorder in childhood and often results in gait abnormalities that hinder mobility and diminish quality of life. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has demonstrated potential in enhancing…

Reaching disability limits an individual's ability in performing daily tasks. Surface Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) offers a non-invasive solution to restore the lost abilities. However, inducing desired movements using FES is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-20 Nat Wannawas , A. Aldo Faisal

In this study, we developed a method to estimate the relationship between stimulation current and volatility during isometric contraction. In functional electrical stimulation (FES), joints are driven by applying voltage to muscles. This…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Tomoya Kitamura , Yuu Hasegawa , Sho Sakaino , Toshiaki Tsuji

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been effectively applied in many rehabilitation treatments of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). In this context, we introduce a novel, robust, and intelligent control-based…

Hybrid assistive systems that integrate functional electrical stimulation (FES) and robotic exoskeletons offer a promising approach for neurorehabilitation. However, control of these systems remains challenging due to actuator redundancy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-14 Hossein Kavianirad , Satoshi Endo , Davide Astarita , Lorenzo Amato , Emilio Trigili , Sandra Hirche
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