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Nonlinear activation functions are widely recognized for enhancing the expressivity of neural networks, which is the primary reason for their widespread implementation. In this work, we focus on ReLU activation and reveal a novel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Chaoyue Liu , Han Bi , Like Hui , Xiao Liu

We are interested in assessing the use of neural networks as surrogate models to approximate and minimize objective functions in optimization problems. While neural networks are widely used for machine learning tasks such as classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tommaso Giovannelli , Oumaima Sohab , Luis Nunes Vicente

Activation functions play a decisive role in determining the capacity of Deep Neural Networks as they enable neural networks to capture inherent nonlinearities present in data fed to them. The prior research on activation functions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Jamshaid Ul Rahman , Faiza Makhdoom , Dianchen Lu

We study the theory of neural network (NN) from the lens of classical nonparametric regression problems with a focus on NN's ability to adaptively estimate functions with heterogeneous smoothness -- a property of functions in Besov or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Kaiqi Zhang , Yu-Xiang Wang

We study the numerical and Boolean expressiveness of MPLang, a declarative language that captures the computation of graph neural networks (GNNs) through linear message passing and activation functions. We begin with A-MPLang, the fragment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Pablo Barceló , Floris Geerts , Matthias Lanzinger , Klara Pakhomenko , Jan Van den Bussche

The application of the deep learning model in classification plays an important role in the accurate detection of the target objects. However, the accuracy is affected by the activation function in the hidden and output layer. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Md. Mehedi Hasan , Md. Ali Hossain , Azmain Yakin Srizon , Abu Sayeed

Sequential learning, also called lifelong learning, studies the problem of learning tasks in a sequence with access restricted to only the data of the current task. In this paper we look at a scenario with fixed model capacity, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-15 Rahaf Aljundi , Marcus Rohrbach , Tinne Tuytelaars

We propose \textbf{ULU}, a novel non-monotonic, piecewise activation function defined as $\{f(x;\alpha_1),x<0; f(x;\alpha_2),x>=0 \}$, where $f(x;\alpha)=0.5x(tanh(\alpha x)+1),\alpha >0$. ULU treats positive and negative inputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Simin Huo

We study the problem of training deep neural networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function using gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent. In particular, we study the binary classification problem and show that for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Difan Zou , Yuan Cao , Dongruo Zhou , Quanquan Gu

The rectified linear unit (ReLU) is a highly successful activation function in neural networks as it allows networks to easily obtain sparse representations, which reduces overfitting in overparameterized networks. However, in network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Shiyu Liu , Rohan Ghosh , Dylan Tan , Mehul Motani

We propose a system for calculating a "scaling constant" for layers and weights of neural networks. We relate this scaling constant to two important quantities that relate to the optimizability of neural networks, and argue that a network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Aaron Defazio , Léon Bottou

Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used as a powerful tool to solve many problems of machine learning and computer vision. In this paper, we aim to provide insight on the property of convolutional neural networks, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-07-20 Wenling Shang , Kihyuk Sohn , Diogo Almeida , Honglak Lee

A pivotal aspect in the design of neural networks lies in selecting activation functions, crucial for introducing nonlinear structures that capture intricate input-output patterns. While the effectiveness of adaptive or trainable activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Tahamina Nasrin , Robert E. Jensen , Amy M. Peterson , Christopher J. Hansen

We propose a novel activation function that implements piece-wise orthogonal non-linear mappings based on permutations. It is straightforward to implement, and very computationally efficient, also it has little memory requirements. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Artem Chernodub , Dimitri Nowicki

Binary neural networks (BNNs) have received increasing attention due to their superior reductions of computation and memory. Most existing works focus on either lessening the quantization error by minimizing the gap between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Zihan Xu , Mingbao Lin , Jianzhuang Liu , Jie Chen , Ling Shao , Yue Gao , Yonghong Tian , Rongrong Ji

ReLU neural networks define piecewise linear functions of their inputs. However, initializing and training a neural network is very different from fitting a linear spline. In this paper, we expand empirically upon previous theoretical work…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-30 Kevin K. Chen , Anthony Gamst , Alden Walker

In a neural network with ReLU activations, the number of piecewise linear regions in the output can grow exponentially with depth. However, this is highly unlikely to happen when the initial parameters are sampled randomly, which therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Max Milkert , David Hyde , Forrest Laine

Training an energy-based model (EBM) with maximum likelihood is challenging due to the intractable normalisation constant. Traditional methods rely on expensive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling to estimate the gradient of logartihm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Hugo Senetaire , Paul Jeha , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei , Jes Frellsen

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained great attraction due to their distinctive properties of low power consumption and fast inference on neuromorphic hardware. As the most effective method to get deep SNNs, ANN-SNN conversion has…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Tong Bu , Wei Fang , Jianhao Ding , PengLin Dai , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

We study layered neural networks of rectified linear units (ReLU) in a modelling framework for stochastic training processes. The comparison with sigmoidal activation functions is in the center of interest. We compute typical learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Elisa Oostwal , Michiel Straat , Michael Biehl