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In reservoir computing, an input sequence is processed by a recurrent neural network, the reservoir, which transforms it into a spatial pattern that a shallow readout network can then exploit for tasks such as memorization and time-series…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Denis Kleyko , Christopher J. Kymn , E. Paxon Frady , Amy Loutfi , Friedrich T. Sommer

Echo State Networks (ESNs) are a particular type of untrained Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) within the Reservoir Computing (RC) framework, popular for their fast and efficient learning. However, traditional ESNs often struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Matteo Pinna , Andrea Ceni , Claudio Gallicchio

Echo state networks (ESN), a type of reservoir computing (RC) architecture, are efficient and accurate artificial neural systems for time series processing and learning. An ESN consists of a core of recurrent neural networks, called a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-04-28 Alireza Goudarzi , Alireza Shabani , Darko Stefanovic

This paper proposes a novel and interpretable recurrent neural-network structure using the echo-state network (ESN) paradigm for time-series prediction. While the traditional ESNs perform well for dynamical systems prediction, it needs a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Debdipta Goswami

In the last decade, a new computational paradigm was introduced in the field of Machine Learning, under the name of Reservoir Computing (RC). RC models are neural networks which a recurrent part (the reservoir) that does not participate in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-04-08 Sebastián Basterrech , Gerardo Rubino

As one of the most important paradigms of recurrent neural networks, the echo state network (ESN) has been applied to a wide range of fields, from robotics to medicine, finance, and language processing. A key feature of the ESN paradigm is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Pau Vilimelis Aceituno , Yan Gang , Yang-Yu Liu

Reservoir computing, using nonlinear dynamical systems, offers a cost-effective alternative to neural networks for complex tasks involving processing of sequential data, time series modeling, and system identification. Echo state networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Peter J. Ehlers , Hendra I. Nurdin , Daniel Soh

The Echo State Network (ESN) is a class of Recurrent Neural Network with a large number of hidden-hidden weights (in the so-called reservoir). Canonical ESN and its variations have recently received significant attention due to their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Sebastian Basterrech , Gerardo Rubino

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have demonstrated their outstanding ability in sequence tasks and have achieved state-of-the-art in wide range of applications, such as industrial, medical, economic and linguistic. Echo State Network (ESN)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Chenxi Sun , Moxian Song , Shenda Hong , Hongyan Li

What is a neural model with minimum architectural complexity that exhibits reasonable language learning capability? To explore such a simple but sufficient neural language model, we revisit a basic reservoir computing (RC) model, Echo State…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Ryo Ueda , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Shunsuke Kando , Kentaro Inui

It is a widely accepted fact that data representations intervene noticeably in machine learning tools. The more they are well defined the better the performance results are. Feature extraction-based methods such as autoencoders are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Naima Chouikhi , Boudour Ammar , Adel M. Alimi

Reservoir Computing (RC) is a popular methodology for the efficient design of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). Recently, the advantages of the RC approach have been extended to the context of multi-layered RNNs, with the introduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

The study of deep recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and, in particular, of deep Reservoir Computing (RC) is gaining an increasing research attention in the neural networks community. The recently introduced Deep Echo State Network (DeepESN)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

As an efficient recurrent neural network (RNN) model, reservoir computing (RC) models, such as Echo State Networks, have attracted widespread attention in the last decade. However, while they have had great success with time series data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Qianli Ma , Lifeng Shen , Garrison W. Cottrell

We propose an approximation of Echo State Networks (ESN) that can be efficiently implemented on digital hardware based on the mathematics of hyperdimensional computing. The reservoir of the proposed integer Echo State Network (intESN) is a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Denis Kleyko , E. Paxon Frady , Mansour Kheffache , Evgeny Osipov

We propose an innovative design for an optical Echo State Network (ESN), an advanced type of reservoir computer known for its universal computational capabilities. Our design enables an optical implementation of arbitrary ESNs, featuring…

Optics · Physics 2025-11-17 Ishwar S Kaushik , Peter J Ehlers , Daniel Soh

Echo state networks (ESNs) are a class of recurrent neural networks in which only the readout layer is trainable, while the recurrent and input layers are fixed. This architectural constraint enables computationally efficient processing of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Taiki Yamada , Yuichi Katori , Kantaro Fujiwara

Inspired by recent theoretical arguments, physics-informed echo state network (ESN) is discussed on the attempt to train a reservoir model absolutely in physics-informed manner. As the plainest work on such a purpose, an ODE (ordinary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Dong Keun Oh

In many real-world applications, fully-differentiable RNNs such as LSTMs and GRUs have been widely deployed to solve time series learning tasks. These networks train via Backpropagation Through Time, which can work well in practice but…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Matthew Evanusa , Snehesh Shrestha , Michelle Girvan , Cornelia Fermüller , Yiannis Aloimonos

Reservoir computing (RC) is a novel approach to time series prediction using recurrent neural networks. In RC, an input signal perturbs the intrinsic dynamics of a medium called a reservoir. A readout layer is then trained to reconstruct a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-01-13 Alireza Goudarzi , Peter Banda , Matthew R. Lakin , Christof Teuscher , Darko Stefanovic
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