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Accurate models of patient survival probabilities provide important information to clinicians prescribing care for life-threatening and terminal ailments. A recently developed class of models - known as individual survival distributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Samuel Sokota , Ryan D'Orazio , Khurram Javed , Humza Haider , Russell Greiner

Causal inference is capable of estimating the treatment effect (i.e., the causal effect of treatment on the outcome) to benefit the decision making in various domains. One fundamental challenge in this research is that the treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Qian Li , Zhichao Wang , Shaowu Liu , Gang Li , Guandong Xu

A conditional expectation function (CEF) can at best be partially identified when the conditioning variable is interval censored. When the number of bins is small, existing methods often yield minimally informative bounds. We propose three…

Econometrics · Economics 2018-03-01 Sam Asher , Paul Novosad , Charlie Rafkin

This paper proposes a framework that incorporates the two-way fixed effects model as a special case to conduct causal inference with a continuous treatment. Treatments are allowed to change over time and potential outcomes are dependent on…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-01 Zhiguo Xiao , Peikai Wu

Estimating the counterfactual outcome of treatment is essential for decision-making in public health and clinical science, among others. Often, treatments are administered in a sequential, time-varying manner, leading to an exponentially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-16 Shenghao Wu , Wenbin Zhou , Minshuo Chen , Shixiang Zhu

This article studies the estimation of the causal effect of a time-varying treatment on time-to-an-event or on some other continuously distributed outcome. The paper applies to the situation where treatment is repeatedly adapted to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-06-19 Judith J. Lok

This paper introduces a new property of estimators of the strength of statistical association, which helps characterize how well an estimator will perform in scenarios where dependencies between continuous and discrete random variables need…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-12 Kiran Karra , Lamine Mili

One fundamental statistical question for research areas such as precision medicine and health disparity is about discovering effect modification of treatment or exposure by observed covariates. We propose a semiparametric framework for…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-04 Muxuan Liang , Menggang Yu

This paper considers how to classify the effects of interventions in causal models for outcomes and exposures observed over time. First, we demonstrate the limitations of the most common uses of potential outcomes and causal directed…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Russell Steele , Naftali Weinberger , Tess Baker , Ian Shrier

Estimates of finite population cumulativedistribution functions (CDFs) and quantiles are critical forpolicy-making, resource allocation, and public health planning. For instance, federal finance agencies may require accurate estimates of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-31 Jeremy Flood , Sayed Mostafa

We propose the conditional predictive impact (CPI), a consistent and unbiased estimator of the association between one or several features and a given outcome, conditional on a reduced feature set. Building on the knockoff framework of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-14 David S. Watson , Marvin N. Wright

We consider a longitudinal data structure consisting of baseline covariates, time-varying treatment variables, intermediate time-dependent covariates, and a possibly time dependent outcome. Previous studies have shown that estimating the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-10-09 Linh Tran , Maya Petersen , Joshua Schwab , Mark J van der Laan

We provide the asymptotic distribution of the major indexes used in the statistical literature to quantify disparate treatment in machine learning. We aim at promoting the use of confidence intervals when testing the so-called group…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-18 Philippe Besse , Eustasio del Barrio , Paula Gordaliza , Jean-Michel Loubes

We revisit the classical problem of comparing regression functions, a fundamental question in statistical inference with broad relevance to modern applications such as data integration, transfer learning, and causal inference. Existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Jian Yan , Zhuoxi Li , Yang Ning , Yong Chen

Safety analyses in terms of adverse events (AEs) are an important aspect of benefit-risk assessments of therapies. Compared to efficacy analyses AE analyses are often rather simplistic. The probability of an AE of a specific type is…

Applications · Statistics 2021-05-20 Regina Stegherr , Claudia Schmoor , Michael Lübbert , Tim Friede , Jan Beyersmann

Competing risk analysis considers event times due to multiple causes, or of more than one event types. Commonly used regression models for such data include 1) cause-specific hazards model, which focuses on modeling one type of event while…

Applications · Statistics 2017-04-27 Jiayi Hou , Anthony Paravati , Ronghui Xu , James Murphy

Difference-in-differences (diff-in-diff) is a study design that compares outcomes of two groups (treated and comparison) at two time points (pre- and post-treatment) and is widely used in evaluating new policy implementations. For instance,…

Applications · Statistics 2019-11-28 Bret Zeldow , Laura A. Hatfield

Instrumental variables are commonly used to estimate effects of a treatment afflicted by unmeasured confounding, and in practice instruments are often continuous (e.g., measures of distance, or treatment preference). However, available…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-05 Edward H. Kennedy , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

Estimators based on influence functions (IFs) have been shown to be effective in many settings, especially when combined with machine learning techniques. By focusing on estimating a specific target of interest (e.g., the average effect of…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-29 Aaron Fisher , Edward H. Kennedy

Counterfactual distributions are important ingredients for policy analysis and decomposition analysis in empirical economics. In this article we develop modeling and inference tools for counterfactual distributions based on regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-11-23 Victor Chernozhukov , Ivan Fernandez-Val , Blaise Melly