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The design and optimization of realistic architectures for fault-tolerant quantum computation requires error models that are both reliable and amenable to large-scale classical simulation. Perhaps the simplest and most practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Michael R. Geller , Zhongyuan Zhou

Coherent noise can be much more damaging than incoherent (probabilistic) noise in the context of quantum error correction. One solution is to use twirling to turn coherent noise into incoherent Pauli channels. In this Article, we show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Zhenyu Cai , Xiaosi Xu , Simon C. Benjamin

Group twirling is crucial in quantum information processing, particularly in randomized benchmarking and random compiling. While protocols based on Pauli twirling have been effectively crafted to transform arbitrary noise channels into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Guoding Liu , Ziyi Xie , Zitai Xu , Xiongfeng Ma

One of simplest and most widely used error model in working with quantum circuits is the Pauli Twirling Approximation (PTA). Restricting ourselves to analysis of free dynamics of qubits we show explicitly how application of PTA is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-22 Amara Katabarwa

Classical simulations of noisy stabilizer circuits are often used to estimate the threshold of a quantum error-correcting code. Physical noise sources are efficiently approximated by random insertions of Pauli operators. For a single qubit,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-05 Mauricio Gutiérrez , Kenneth R. Brown

The conventional circuit paradigm, utilizing a limited number of gates to construct arbitrary quantum circuits, is hindered by significant noise overhead. For instance, the standard gate paradigm employs two CNOT gates for the partial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Jader P. Santos , Ben Bar , Raam Uzdin

Pauli channels are ubiquitous in quantum information, both as a dominant noise source in many computing architectures and as a practical model for analyzing error correction and fault tolerance. Here we prove several results on efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-23 Steven T. Flammia , Joel J. Wallman

Noise forms a central obstacle to effective quantum information processing. Recent experimental advances have enabled the tailoring of noise properties through Pauli twirling, transforming arbitrary noise channels into Pauli channels. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Joris Kattemölle , Balázs Gulácsi , Guido Burkard

Quantum errors in noisy environments remain a major obstacle to advancing quantum information technology. In this work, we expand a recently developed geometric framework, originally utilized for analyzing noise accumulation and creating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-11 Junkai Zeng , Yong-Ju Hai , Hao Liang , Xiu-Hao Deng

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are promising tools for demonstrating quantum utility on near-term quantum hardware, with applications in optimisation, quantum simulation, and machine learning. While researchers have studied how easy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Connor van Rossum , Sally Shrapnel , Riddhi Gupta

The task of finding a correctable encoding that protects against some physical quantum process is in general hard. Two main obstacles are that an exponential number of experiments are needed to gain complete information about the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-23 Marcus Silva , Easwar Magesan , David W. Kribs , Joseph Emerson

Measurement error mitigation (MEM) is essential for realizing reliable quantum computation. Model-free measurement error mitigation (MF-MEM) is an important class of MEM methods that employs Pauli twirling-typically with a random twirling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Xiao-Yue Xu , Chen Ding , Wan-Su Bao

Quantum gate benchmarking is unavoidably influenced by state preparation and measurement errors. Randomized benchmarking addresses this challenge by employing group twirling to regularize the noise channel, then provides a characterization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Han Ye , Guoding Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

We provide a simple prescription to extract an effective Pauli noise model from classical simulations of a noisy experimental protocol for a unitary gate. This prescription yields the closest Pauli channel approximation to the error channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Michael A. Perlin

Twirling noise affecting quantum gates is essential in understanding and controlling errors, but applicable operations to noise are usually restricted by symmetries inherent in quantum gates. In this work, we propose symmetric Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Kento Tsubouchi , Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Kunal Sharma , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Quantum computers are poised to radically outperform their classical counterparts by manipulating coherent quantum systems. A realistic quantum computer will experience errors due to the environment and imperfect control. When these errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-21 Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Quantum error correction is instrumental in protecting quantum systems from noise in quantum computing and communication settings. Pauli channels can be efficiently simulated and threshold values for Pauli error rates under a variety of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-25 Christopher Chamberland , Joel J. Wallman , Stefanie Beale , Raymond Laflamme

Motivated by estimation of quantum noise models, we study the problem of learning a Pauli channel, or more generally the Pauli error rates of an arbitrary channel. By employing a novel reduction to the "Population Recovery" problem, we give…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-29 Steven T. Flammia , Ryan O'Donnell

The performance of quantum error correction can be significantly improved if detailed information about the noise is available, allowing to optimize both codes and decoders. It has been proposed to estimate error rates from the syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-21 Thomas Wagner , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß , Martin Kliesch

Characterization of quantum devices generates insights into their sources of disturbances. State-of-the-art characterization protocols often focus on incoherent noise and eliminate coherent errors when using Pauli or Clifford twirling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Noah Kaufmann , Ivan Rojkov , Florentin Reiter
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