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We study the most practical problem setup for evaluating adversarial robustness of a machine learning system with limited access: the hard-label black-box attack setting for generating adversarial examples, where limited model queries are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Minhao Cheng , Simranjit Singh , Patrick Chen , Pin-Yu Chen , Sijia Liu , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Hard-label black-box attacks, relying solely on top-1 predictions, represent one of the most challenging yet practically threat models. Despite recent progress, existing approaches face two key limitations: (1) they overlook the critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jun Liu , Leo Yu Zhang , Fengpeng Li , Isao Echizen , Jiantao Zhou

We study an important and challenging task of attacking natural language processing models in a hard label black box setting. We propose a decision-based attack strategy that crafts high quality adversarial examples on text classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Rishabh Maheshwary , Saket Maheshwary , Vikram Pudi

We focus on the problem of black-box adversarial attacks, where the aim is to generate adversarial examples for deep learning models solely based on information limited to output label~(hard label) to a queried data input. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Satya Narayan Shukla , Anit Kumar Sahu , Devin Willmott , J. Zico Kolter

Adversarial example generation becomes a viable method for evaluating the robustness of a machine learning model. In this paper, we consider hard-label black-box attacks (a.k.a. decision-based attacks), which is a challenging setting that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Zhenxin Xiao , Puyudi Yang , Yuchen Jiang , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Adversarial black-box attacks aim to craft adversarial perturbations by querying input-output pairs of machine learning models. They are widely used to evaluate the robustness of pre-trained models. However, black-box attacks often suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Lu Wang , Huan Zhang , Jinfeng Yi , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Yuan Jiang

We consider the hard label based black box adversarial attack setting which solely observes predicted classes from the target model. Most of the attack methods in this setting suffer from impractical number of queries required to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jeonghwan Park , Paul Miller , Niall McLaughlin

Many machine learning algorithms are vulnerable to almost imperceptible perturbations of their inputs. So far it was unclear how much risk adversarial perturbations carry for the safety of real-world machine learning applications because…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-19 Wieland Brendel , Jonas Rauber , Matthias Bethge

Solving for adversarial examples with projected gradient descent has been demonstrated to be highly effective in fooling the neural network based classifiers. However, in the black-box setting, the attacker is limited only to the query…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Seungyong Moon , Gaon An , Hyun Oh Song

While graph neural networks have achieved state-of-the-art performances in many real-world tasks including graph classification and node classification, recent works have demonstrated they are also extremely vulnerable to adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yu Zhou , Zihao Dong , Guofeng Zhang , Jingchen Tang

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Among different attack settings, the most challenging yet the most practical one is the hard-label setting where the attacker only has access to the hard-label output (prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Jinghui Chen , Quanquan Gu

Adversarial robustness in structured data remains an underexplored frontier compared to vision and language domains. In this work, we introduce a novel black-box, decision-based adversarial attack tailored for tabular data. Our approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Roie Kazoom , Yuval Ratzabi , Etamar Rothstein , Ofer Hadar

We focus on the problem of adversarial attacks against models on discrete sequential data in the black-box setting where the attacker aims to craft adversarial examples with limited query access to the victim model. Existing black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Deokjae Lee , Seungyong Moon , Junhyeok Lee , Hyun Oh Song

We propose the first general-purpose gradient-based attack against transformer models. Instead of searching for a single adversarial example, we search for a distribution of adversarial examples parameterized by a continuous-valued matrix,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Chuan Guo , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Hervé Jégou , Douwe Kiela

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various graph structure related tasks such as node classification and graph classification. However, GNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Existing works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Jiaming Mu , Binghui Wang , Qi Li , Kun Sun , Mingwei Xu , Zhuotao Liu

Black-box hard-label adversarial attack on text is a practical and challenging task, as the text data space is inherently discrete and non-differentiable, and only the predicted label is accessible. Research on this problem is still in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Han Liu , Zhi Xu , Xiaotong Zhang , Feng Zhang , Fenglong Ma , Hongyang Chen , Hong Yu , Xianchao Zhang

Deep learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which can fool a target classifier by imposing imperceptible perturbations onto natural examples. In this work, we consider the practical and challenging decision-based black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Qi-An Fu , Yinpeng Dong , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

Machine learning models are critically susceptible to evasion attacks from adversarial examples. Generally, adversarial examples, modified inputs deceptively similar to the original input, are constructed under whitebox settings by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Viet Quoc Vo , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Damith C. Ranasinghe

Deep neural networks and other machine learning systems, despite being extremely powerful and able to make predictions with high accuracy, are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. We proposed the DeltaBound attack: a novel, powerful attack in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Lorenzo Rossi

One of the most practical and challenging types of black-box adversarial attacks is the hard-label attack, where only the top-1 predicted label is available. One effective approach is to search for the optimal ray direction from the benign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Chen Ma , Xinjie Xu , Shuyu Cheng , Qi Xuan
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